Transforming Vietnamese Agriculture
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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Over the past quarter century, Vietnam’s
agricultural sector has made enormous progress. Vietnam’s
performance in terms of agricultural yields, output, and
exports, however, has been more impressive than its gains in
efficiency, farmer welfare, and product quality. Vietnamese
agriculture now sits at a turning point. The agricultural
sector now faces growing domestic competition - from cities,
industry, and services - for labor, land, and water. Rising
labor costs are beginning to inhibit the sector’s ability to
compete globally as a low cost producer of bulk
undifferentiated commodities. Going forward, Vietnam’s
agricultural sector needs to generate more from less. That
is, it must generate more economic value - and farmer and
consumer welfare - using less natural and human capital and
less harmful intermediate inputs. The strategic shift was
highlighted in the government’s agricultural restructuring
plan (ARP), approved by the Prime Minister in June 2014. The
ARP defines sector goals in terms of the triple bottom line
of economically, socially, and environmentally sustainable
development. It lays out expected changes in the roles and
spending patterns of the government in the sector and
discusses the need to work with other stakeholders,
including in the private sector. It calls for an ambitious
and ongoing process of learning and experimentation, and
several potential directions are offered in this report.
Palabras clave
TARIFFS, FISH, ECONOMIC INCENTIVES, CENTRAL PLANNING, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION, AIR QUALITY, WASTE MANAGEMENT, ORGANIC WASTES, CARBON, ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS, ECONOMIC WELFARE, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, EXPECTATIONS, PRODUCERS, RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, PROPERTY RIGHTS, ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS, FINANCIAL RESOURCES, TIMBER, EMISSIONS, EFFECTIVE STRATEGY, REVENUES, INCENTIVES, MODELS, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT, ECONOMIC ANALYSIS, DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, AUDITS, WILLINGNESS TO PAY, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, PRESENT VALUE, CLIMATIC CONDITIONS, EXPLOITATION, OIL PRICES, ENVIRONMENTAL RISK, LABOR COSTS, OIL, INPUT USE, FOOD POLICY RESEARCH, NATURAL CAPITAL, POPULATION GROWTH, FIXED COSTS, OPTIONS, LABOR PRODUCTIVITY, FARMING COMMUNITIES, QUOTAS, LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS, DEBT, LAND DEGRADATION, POLLUTION, FORESTRY, PRICE SUBSIDIES, POLICY DECISIONS, BARLEY, NATURAL RESOURCES, SUBSIDIES, PRODUCTION OUTPUT, EFFICIENCY, FISHING, FOOD PRODUCTION, TAXES, CANCER, LAND USE, TEMPERATURE CHANGE, RESOURCES, EQUITY, PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH, CONSUMPTION, SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE, RURAL COMMUNITIES, WAGES, CLIMATE CHANGE, ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY, DIRECTIONAL FLOW, ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, VALUES, MARKET PRICES, ECONOMIC VALUE, PRICE DIFFERENCES, CREDIT, QUALITY STANDARDS, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS, DEFORESTATION, DEMAND, SUSTAINABLE USE, ENDANGERED SPECIES, ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION, PUBLIC EXPENDITURES, ECONOMIES OF SCOPE, EXPENDITURES, PROPERTY, LOGGING, AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS, CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM, ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE, OPPORTUNITY COSTS, TRANSACTION COSTS, ENVIRONMENT, SOIL DEGRADATION, ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS, WEATHER PATTERNS, STREAMS, ECONOMICS, TERMS OF TRADE, EMPIRICAL RESEARCH, FISHERIES, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, TRADE, LAND, LAND PRODUCTIVITY, ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM, ECONOMIES OF SCALE, CONSUMPTION PATTERNS, COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE, COAL, FARMS, ECOLOGY, WATER POLLUTION, WAGE DIFFERENTIALS, REVENUE, POLLUTION CONTROL, EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE, SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH, ECOSYSTEM HEALTH, PASTURES, AVERAGE PRODUCTIVITY, INTERMEDIATE INPUTS, PROFITS, PRODUCTION PATTERNS, POLICY INSTRUMENTS, ACID RAIN, ENVIRONMENTAL, PUBLIC GOOD, WETLANDS, PRICES, DEMOGRAPHICS, FISHERS, CONSUMER PROTECTION, PRODUCTION COSTS, ECONOMIC CONDITIONS, ECONOMIES, PRODUCTION PROCESSES, AGRICULTURAL USES, PUBLIC GOODS, COMPETITION