Turkey : Poverty and Coping after Crises, Volume 2. Background Papers
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Washington, DC
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Turkey experienced severe losses of life
and infrastructure in 1999 caused by the August earthquake.
The earthquake was followed by a period of economic and
financial crisis, culminating in a major currency
devaluation in February 2001. What has been the social
impact of these crises? In order to answer that question,
the World Bank and the Government of Japan co-financed a
household survey during the summer of 2001, which consisted
of surveying 4200 households on their consumption and
income, and interviewing 120 respondents in depth for case
studies. This study seeks to answer three main questions:
how many are poor in Turkey in 2001; who are the poor and
why are they poor?; and how do the poor cope with risk and
poverty?. The major effect of the crises has been an
increase in poverty in urban areas of Turkey from 1994 to
2001. Extreme poverty in all of Turkey has not changed, and
remains at low levels, but inequality is also unchanged at
quite high levels. A relatively large share (nearly
one-fifth) of the urban population has consumption below a
food standard, and qualitative evidence indicates that
poverty has worsened in rural areas as well. The report
concludes with the following policy recommendations:1)
Macroeconomic management to resume broad-based growth, which
should reverse the poverty trend since the vast majority of
the newly poor are not extremely poor 2) Counter negative
coping strategies of the poor by providing conditional cash
transfers 3) Expand job opportunities for the newly poor
through micro-projects and community development 4) Improve
targeting and coverage of the extreme poor and outreach to
them through institutional strengthening 5) Institute
regular poverty monitoring through household surveys and the
development of a poverty map.
Palabras clave
ABSOLUTE POVERTY, ADJUSTMENT POLICIES, AGRICULTURAL GROWTH, AVERAGE, AVERAGE INCOME, CASE STUDY, CHILD LABOR, CONSUMPTION POVERTY, CONSUMPTION SMOOTHING, COUNTRY REGRESSIONS, CROSS COUNTRY, CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION, DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPING WORLD, DEVELOPMENT REPORT, DISPOSABLE INCOME, DIVERSIFICATION, ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES, ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS, ECONOMIC DECLINE, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC LITERATURE, ECONOMIC POLICIES, ECONOMIC REVIEW, ECONOMICS, EQUAL COUNTRIES, EXPENDITURE SURVEY, FARM INCOME, FINANCIAL LIBERALIZATION, FOOD BASKET, GENDER INEQUALITY, GINI COEFFICIENT, GINI INDEX, GROWTH RATE, GROWTH RATES, HEAD- COUNT RATIO, HEADCOUNT INDEX, HEALTH CARE, HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSEHOLD LEVEL, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, INCOME, INCOME COUNTRIES, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS, INCOME GROWTH, INCOME INEQUALITY, INCOME POVERTY, INCOME ~ INEQUALITY, INCOMES, INCOMES INCREASE, INCREASING INEQUALITY, INDIVIDUAL INCOME, INDIVIDUAL LEVEL, INEQUALITY, INEQUALITY, INEQUALITY MEASURES, INSURANCE, LABOR FORCE, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MARKETS, LIVING CONDITIONS, LIVING STANDARD, LIVING STANDARDS, LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES, MACROECONOMIC CONDITIONS, MACROECONOMIC SHOCKS, MARKET ECONOMY, MEASURING POVERTY, NATIONAL INCOME, NATIONAL POVERTY, NATIONAL POVERTY LINE, NON-AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES, NONFARM INCOME, PARTICIPATORY APPROACH, PER CAPITA INCOME, PER CAPITA INCOMES, POLICY RESEARCH, POLITICAL INSTABILITY, POOR, POOR INDIVIDUALS, POOR LIVING, POOR PEOPLE, POVERTY ALLEVIATION, POVERTY COMPARISONS, POVERTY HEADCOUNT, POVERTY IMPACT, POVERTY LINE, POVERTY LINES, POVERTY MEASURE, POVERTY MEASUREMENT, POVERTY MEASURES, POVERTY PROFILES, POVERTY PROGRAMS, POVERTY RATE, POVERTY RATES, POVERTY REDUCTION, POVERTY REDUCTION POLICIES, POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGIES, POVERTY TRENDS, PRO-POOR, PROMOTING GROWTH, PUBLIC POLICY, PUBLIC SECTOR, PURCHASING POWER PARITY, REAL INCOMES, REAL WAGES, REDISTRIBUTIVE POLICIES, RELATIVE CONCEPT, RELATIVE INCOME, RELATIVE POSITION, RELATIVE POVERTY, RELATIVE POVERTY COMPARISONS, RURAL AREAS, RURAL COMMUNITIES, RURAL ECONOMY, RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, RURAL POPULATION, RURAL POVERTY, SAFETY NET, SAVINGS, SECTOR EMPLOYMENT, SIGNIFICANT IMPACT, SOCIAL ASSISTANCE, SOCIAL EXCLUSION, SOCIAL INSURANCE PROGRAMS, SOCIAL SERVICES, STATISTICAL OFFICE, SUSTAINABLE POVERTY, TARGETING, TEAM MEMBERS, TRANSITION ECONOMIES, UNEMPLOYMENT, UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS, URBAN AREAS, URBAN POVERTY MACROECONOMIC ANALYSIS, POVERTY ASSESSMENTS, FOOD SECURITY, DISASTER RECOVERY, VULNERABILITY, INEQUITY, RISK MANAGEMENT, COPING MECHANISMS, COPING STRATEGIES, NATURAL DISASTERS, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, IN-KIND TRANSFERS, CASH CONTRIBUTIONS, CASH SOCIAL TRANSFERS, CASH TRANSFER, FAMILY ASSISTANCE, HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE SURVEYS, HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURES FOR EDUCATION, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, CHILD LABOR, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, MICRO-PROJECTS, COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT, TARGETING, INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY, POVERTY MONITORING, IMPACT ASSESSMENT, SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT, COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE, COMMUNITY LIFE, DEMOGRAPHICS, PUBLIC HEALTH, ACCESS TO EDUCATION, GIRLS EDUCATION