Tajikistan Policy Note : Enhancing the Development Impact of Remittances
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Washington, DC
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Remittances have played an important
role as one of the drivers of Tajikistan's robust
economic growth during the past several years. The volume of
official remittances has significantly increased since 2001
and now represent close to 12 percent of GDP (2004).
Remittances have become the most important source of
external financing for the balance of payments, have
increased incomes, and as a result helped reduce poverty.
Recognizing their importance, the Tajikistan authorities
have sought to sustain remittance flows. However, anecdotal
evidence indicates that migrants are not sufficiently
integrated into the Tajikistan financial system, much less
that of the destination countries (e.g. Russia). This Policy
Note has two main objectives: (1) to expand knowledge of the
size of remittances, their sending mechanisms (especially
through formal channels), and their use; and (2) to propose
policy recommendations to enhance the development impact of
remittances. The report is organized into six sections,
including an Introduction. The sections provide background
on migration and remittances related to Tajikistan; discuss
the estimation of remittance size and data issues; examine
the transfer channels of remittances (their cost, access,
and speed), their use, and the impact of remittances by
highlighting impediments to the efficiency of remittance
transfer services through formal channels, examining the use
of remittances by recipient households in Tajikistan, and
identifying impacts of remittances on the economy; and
drawing some of the key lessons learned from the
international experience that could be considered in the
Tajik context. The final section recommends policies to
enhance the development impact of remittances taking into
account the Tajik context and identifies topics for further research.
Palabras clave
ACCOUNT TRANSFER, ACCOUNTING, AGRICULTURE, ASYLUM, BALANCE OF PAYMENT, BALANCE OF PAYMENTS, BANK ACCOUNTS, BANK TRANSFERS, BANKING SYSTEM, BASIC NEEDS, BUSINESS CYCLES, CASH INCOME, CASH TRANSFER, CASH-TO-CASH, CENTRAL ASIAN, CENTRAL BANK, CENTRAL BANKS, CITIES, CITIZENS, CIVIL WAR, COLLECTIVE REMITTANCES, COMMERCIAL BANKS, COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES, COMPETITIVENESS, CURRENT ACCOUNT BALANCE, DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS, DEPOSITS, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPMENT IMPACT OF REMITTANCES, DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES, DEVELOPMENTAL IMPACT, DISSEMINATION, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC SITUATION, ECONOMIC TRANSITION, EMIGRATION, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, EXCHANGE RATE, EXPORTS, FAMILIES, FINANCIAL FLOWS, FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES, FINANCIAL PRODUCTS, FINANCIAL SECTOR, FINANCIAL SERVICES, FOREIGN BANKS, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT, FOREIGN WORKERS, GDP, HOME COUNTRY, HOST COUNTRIES, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HUMAN CAPITAL, INCOME EFFECT, INCOME INEQUALITY, INCOMES, INDIVIDUAL ACCOUNTS, INFORMAL CHANNELS, INFORMAL TRANSFERS, INFORMATION DISSEMINATION, INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, INTERNATIONAL POLICY, INTERNATIONAL REMITTANCES, LABOR FORCE, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MIGRANTS, LATIN AMERICAN, LEGAL MIGRATION, LEGAL STATUS, LIVING STANDARDS, LOW BIRTH RATE, MARKET ECONOMY, MEDIA, MICROFINANCE, MIDDLE EAST, MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES, MIGRANT, MIGRANT TRANSFERS, MIGRANT WORKERS, MIGRANT-SENDING COUNTRIES, MIGRANTS, MIGRATION, MIGRATION DATA, MIGRATION FLOWS, MIGRATION POLICIES, MIGRATION STATISTICS, MODERNIZATION, MONETARY POLICY, MONEY GRAM, MONEY ORDERS, MONEY TRANSFER, MONEY TRANSFER OPERATORS, MONEY TRANSFER SYSTEM, MONEY TRANSFER SYSTEMS, MONEY TRANSFERS, NET TRANSFER, NORTH AFRICA, NOW ACCOUNTS, OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE, OFFICIAL REMITTANCE, OFFICIAL REMITTANCE TRANSFERS, PERSONAL REMITTANCES, POPULATION STUDIES, POVERTY ALLEVIATION, POVERTY REDUCTION, PUBLIC INFORMATION, PUBLIC POLICY, RECIPIENT COUNTRIES, RECIPIENT HOUSEHOLDS, RECIPIENTS OF REMITTANCES, REMITTANCE, REMITTANCE FLOWS, REMITTANCE INFLOWS, REMITTANCE RECEIPTS, REMITTANCE RECIPIENTS, REMITTANCE SERVICES, REMITTANCE TRANSFER, REMITTANCE USE, REMITTANCES, REMITTANCES REMITTANCES, RURAL AREAS, SAFETY NET, SAVINGS, SECONDARY EDUCATION, SEND MONEY, SEND REMITTANCES, SKILLED WORKERS, SMALL BUSINESS, SOCIAL SERVICE, SOUTH ASIAN, TECHNICAL EDUCATION, TRADE BALANCE, TRADE DEFICIT, TRANSFER CHANNELS, TRANSFER COSTS, TRANSFER FEES, TRANSFER METHOD, TRANSFER METHODS, TRANSFER OF REMITTANCES, TRANSFER SERVICES, TRANSPORT, UNDOCUMENTED MIGRANTS, UNEMPLOYMENT, UNEMPLOYMENT RATE, UNSKILLED WORKERS, USES OF REMITTANCES, VOCATIONAL TRAINING, VULNERABILITY, WAGES, WAR, WIRE TRANSFER, WIRE TRANSFERS, WORK PERMITS, WORKING POPULATION, WORLD POPULATION, WORLD POPULATION DATA