Impacts of International Migration and Remittances on Child Outcomes and Labor Supply in Indonesia : How Does Gender Matter?
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This paper aims to investigate
empirically how international migration and remittances in
Indonesia, particularly female migration, affect child
outcomes and labor supply behavior in sending households.
The authors analyze the Indonesia Family Life Survey data
set and apply an instrumental variable estimation method,
using historical migration networks as instruments for
migration and remittance receipts. The study finds that, in
Indonesia, the impacts of international migration on sending
households are likely to vary depending on the gender of the
migrants. On average, migration reduces the working hours of
remaining household members, but this effect is not observed
in households with female migrants. At the same time, female
migration and their remittances tend to reduce child labor.
The estimated impacts of migration and remittances on school
enrollment are not statistically significant, but this
result is interesting in that the directions of the effects
can be opposite when the migrant is male or female
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO SCHOOLS, BABY, CHILD CARE, CHILD LABOR, COMMUNITIES, CONSEQUENCES OF MIGRATION, COST OF MIGRATION, CULTURAL CHANGE, DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, EFFECTS OF MIGRATION, EFFECTS OF REMITTANCES, ELDERLY, EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS, FACT SHEET, FAMILIES, FAMILY MEMBERS, FEMALE, FEMALE MIGRANT WORKERS, FEMALE MIGRANTS, FEMALE WORKERS, FEMALES, FEWER HOUSEHOLDS, GENDER, GENDER DIFFERENCES, GENDER DIMENSION, GENDER DIMENSIONS, GENDER FOCUS, GENDER ROLES, GIRLS, HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATION, HOME OWNERSHIP, HOUSEHOLD ASSETS, HOUSEHOLD BUDGET, HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, HOUSING, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, IMPACT OF MIGRATION, INTERNATIONAL LABOR MIGRATION, INTERNATIONAL MIGRANT, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION OF WOMEN, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION POLICY, INVESTMENT IN EDUCATION, JOB OPPORTUNITIES, LABOR EXPORTING COUNTRIES, LABOR FORCE, LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MIGRATION, LABOR MOBILITY, LABOR SUPPLY, LAND OWNERSHIP, LEVELS OF EDUCATION, LITERACY, LOCAL DEVELOPMENT, LOSSES FROM MIGRATION, MARITAL STATUS, MARRIED MEN, MIGRANT, MIGRANT CHARACTERISTICS, MIGRANT FLOWS, MIGRANT HOUSEHOLDS, MIGRANT LABOR, MIGRANT RECIPIENT COUNTRIES, MIGRANT STOCK, MIGRANT WOMEN, MIGRANT WORKERS, MIGRANTS, MIGRATION STATUS, MOTHER, NATIONAL POPULATION, NEW COMMUNITIES, NUMBER OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRANTS, OCCUPATION, PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN, POLICY DISCUSSIONS, POLICY RESEARCH, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER, POPULATION RESEARCH, POWER, PRIMARY EDUCATION, PRIMARY SCHOOL, PRODUCTIVITY, PROGRESS, RELIGION, REMITTANCE, REMITTANCES, RESPECT, RURAL AREA, RURAL AREAS, RURAL DEVELOPMENT, RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, SCHOOL AGE, SCHOOL ATTENDANCE, SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN, SEX, SLUM, SLUM AREA, SLUMS, SOCIETY, SPOUSE, SPOUSES, TEMPORARY MIGRATION, TRANSFER OF KNOWLEDGE, URBAN AREA, URBAN AREAS, USE PER CAPITA, VILLAGE LEVEL, VULNERABILITY, WAGE EARNERS, WOMAN, WORKING POPULATION, YOUNG CHILDREN