The Great Migration : Urban Aspirations
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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The great 21st-century migration into
cities will present both a great challenge for humanity and
a significant opportunity for global economic growth. This
paper describes the diverse patterns that define this
metropolitan migration. It then lays out a framework for
understanding the costs and benefits of new arrivals through
migration's externalities and the challenges and policy
tradeoffs that confront city stakeholders. The paper
concludes by suggesting ways municipalities, by optimizing
flexibility, can make migration more productive and less
destructive in shaping the 'good city' and the
'smart city.' There are few paths to global
economic growth that do not run through cities, and even
fewer that do not depend on growing the city in population
size, scale, and economic exchange. Historically, cities
have grown by concentrating the economic advantages of
number and density, the social potential of innovation, and
the cultural possibilities of newness. By bringing together
the factors of production, land, labor, capital, and
enterprise, in ever more recombinant forms, cities offer the
possibility of securing new economic advantages and scaling
them up.
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE, ACCOUNTABILITY, AFFORDABLE HOUSING, ANTHROPOLOGIST, APARTMENTS, ARCHITECTS, ARCHITECTURE, ASSETS, ASYLUM, ASYLUM SEEKERS, AUTONOMY, BENEFITS OF MIGRATION, BIRTH RATES, CENTRAL GOVERNMENTS, CITIES, CITIZEN, CITIZENS, CITIZENSHIP, CITY PLANNERS, COMMAND ECONOMIES, COMMUNITY BUILDING, CONSEQUENCES OF MIGRATION, COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN, COUNTRY OF ARRIVAL, CRIME, CULTURES, DEATH RATES, DEMOCRACY, DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE, DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, DISCRIMINATION, DISTRICTS, ECOLOGICAL BALANCE, ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC GROWTH, EMPLOYMENT, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, ENTERPRISE ZONES, ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE, EQUALITY, EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY, ETHICS, EVICTION, EXTERNALITIES, FAMILIES, FAMILY SUPPORT, FEMALE, FLOWS OF PEOPLE, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT, FUTURE GENERATIONS, GENTRIFICATION, HOMELESSNESS, HOUSE PRICES, HOUSEHOLDS, HOUSING, HOUSING ASSOCIATIONS, HOUSING DEVELOPMENT, HOUSING MARKET, HOUSING RIGHTS, HOUSING SHORTAGES, HOUSING SITES, HOUSING SUPPLY, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN POPULATION, HUMAN RIGHTS, IDENTITY, IMMIGRATION, IMMIGRATION POLICY, INFLATION, INFORMAL HOUSING, INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS, INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS, INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION, INTERNATIONAL MIGRANTS, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, INTERVENTION, INTERVENTIONS, IRREGULAR MIGRANTS, IRREGULAR MIGRATION, LABOR FORCE, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MARKETS, LABOR MIGRANTS, LAND SPECULATION, LAND TAXES, LAND TENURE, LAND USE, LEGISLATORS, LOCAL COMMUNITIES, LOCAL DEVELOPMENT, LOCAL GOVERNMENT, LOCAL GOVERNMENTS, LONGER LIFE, MEDIA, MEDIA ATTENTION, METROPOLITAN AREAS, MIGRANT, MIGRANT WORKERS, MIGRANTS, MIGRATION, MIGRATION FLOWS, MIGRATION POLICY, MIGRATIONS, MINORITY, MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE, MUNICIPAL, MUNICIPALITIES, NATIONAL GOVERNMENT, NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS, NATIONAL LEVELS, NATIONAL POLICY, NATURAL RESOURCES, NEIGHBORHOOD, NEIGHBORHOOD GOVERNANCE, NEIGHBORHOODS, NUMBER OF PEOPLE, OCCUPATION, PARTICIPATORY PROCESS, PERINATAL CARE, POLICY ANALYSIS, POLICY DEVELOPMENT, POLICY DISCUSSIONS, POLICY MAKERS, POLICY RESEARCH, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER, POLITICAL INSTABILITY, POLITICAL POWER, POPULATION GROWTH, POPULATION MIGRATION, POPULATION SIZE, POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTION, PRIMARY EDUCATION, PRIVATE HOUSING, PROGRESS, PROPERTY RIGHTS, PUBLIC POLICY, PURCHASING POWER, REAL ESTATE MARKETS, REFUGEE, REFUGEE CAMPS, REFUGEES, RELIGION, REMITTANCES, RENTAL HOUSING, RENTALS, RESETTLEMENT, RESIDENTIAL AREAS, RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT, RURAL PROPERTY, SAFETY, SELF-HELP, SERVICE PROVISION, SETTLEMENT, SHELTER, SKILLED MIGRANTS, SKILLED WORKERS, SLUM, SLUM CLEARANCE, SLUM DWELLERS, SLUMS, SOCIAL CHANGE, SOCIAL CONFLICT, SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES, SOCIAL HISTORY, SOCIAL JUSTICE, SOCIAL MOBILITY, SOCIAL MOVEMENTS, SOCIAL NETWORKS, SOCIAL POLICY, SOCIAL PRESSURE, SOCIETIES, SOCIETY, SPECIES, SPOUSES, SUBSIDIZED HOUSING, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, SYMBOLS, TEMPORARY MIGRATION, TRANSPORTATION, UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES, URBAN, URBAN AFFAIRS, URBAN AREAS, URBAN DEVELOPMENT, URBAN GOVERNMENTS, URBAN GROWTH, URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE, URBAN LAND, URBAN LIFE, URBAN MANAGEMENT, URBAN MIGRATION, URBAN POLICY, URBAN POOR, URBAN POPULATIONS, URBAN POVERTY, URBAN RENEWAL, URBAN RESEARCH, URBAN SPRAWL, URBAN UPGRADING, URBANISM, URBANIZATION, VICTIMS, VILLAGES, WAR, WARS, WELFARE STATE, ZONING