Nicaragua Poverty Assessment : Challenges and Opportunities for Poverty Reduction, Volume 1. Main Report
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Washington, DC
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The purpose of this Poverty Assessment
is to provide background material and analysis that will
assist the Government in designing this strategy, but it is
not itself designed to formulate the strategy. Chapter 1
looks at the macro situation in historical perspective,
including structural reform during the 1990s, and the
current debt and balance of payments situation. Chapter 2
examines poverty in Nicaragua today and during 1993-98 and
includes the results of a qualitative assessment of poverty.
Chapter 3 looks at public expenditures in the social sectors
and their impact on poverty. Chapter 4 looks at rural
poverty and agriculture, while Chapter 5 lays out key issues
that would be important to address in a poverty reduction
strategy. Some key priorities emerge from the analysis that
should be considered: 1) Broad-based growth is essential to
reduce poverty. 2) Poverty reduction is limited by
population growth. 3) Sustaining rural income growth. 4)
Improvements are needed in the public sector to build strong
programs that reach the poor. 5) Foreign capital inflows
distort expenditures. 6) Donors share the responsibility
with the Government to reconsider priorities in order to
ensure greater impact of development assistance on poverty
reduction. 7) Sustaining the provision of basic social
services and building human capital. 8) Establishing
effective social protection mechanisms for the poor.
Palabras clave
AGED, AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT, AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, ANNUAL GROWTH, ANNUAL RATE, ANTI-EXPORT BIAS, AVERAGE GROWTH, BALANCE OF PAYMENTS, BANKING SECTOR, CAPITA GROWTH, CAPITAL FLOWS, CAPITAL INFLOWS, CAPITAL MARKETS, CASE STUDY, CHILD LABOR, CHILDBIRTH, CITIZENS, CIVIL SOCIETY, CIVIL WAR, CONDITIONALITY, CONSUMPTION DATA, CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES, COST EFFECTIVENESS, CRISES, DEBT RELIEF, DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION, DEVELOPING COUNTRY, DEVELOPMENT GOALS, DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME, DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY, DISASTERS, DOMESTIC INDUSTRIES, DOMESTIC SAVINGS, ECONOMIC DECLINE, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT, ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE, ECONOMIC POLICIES, ECONOMIC POLICY, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, EXCHANGE RATE, EXCHANGE RATES, EXPORT TAXES, EXTERNAL DEBT, EXTERNAL SHOCKS, EXTREME POVERTY, FAMILIES, FAMILY PLANNING, FATIGUE, FINANCIAL MARKETS, FOREIGN AID, FORMAL SAFETY, GOVERNANCE ISSUES, GROWTH RATE, GROWTH RATES, HEADCOUNT INDEX, HEALTH CARE, HEALTH SERVICES, HEALTH SURVEY, HEAVY INVESTMENT, HIGH GROWTH, HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURES, HOUSEHOLD LEVEL, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, HUMAN CAPITAL, ILLITERACY, IMPORT TARIFFS, IMPORTS, INCENTIVE POLICIES, INCOME COUNTRIES, INCOME GROWTH, INEQUALITY, INEQUALITY MEASURES, INFANT MORTALITY, INFECTIOUS DISEASES, INFLATION, INFLATION RATES, INFORMAL SAFETY, INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT, INSURANCE, INTEREST RATES, INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS, INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, INVESTMENT RATE, LABOR FORCE, LABOR INPUTS, LABOR MARKETS, LIFE EXPECTANCY, LIVING STANDARDS, LIVING STANDARDS MEASUREMENT, LOCAL LEVEL, LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES, MACROECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT, MACROECONOMIC IMBALANCES, MACROECONOMIC STABILITY, MALNUTRITION, MARKET ECONOMY, MEASUREMENT PROBLEMS, MEDICINES, MONOPOLIES, MORTALITY, NATIONAL ACCOUNTS, NATIONAL INCOME, NATIONAL LEVEL, NATIONAL SYSTEM, NEGATIVE IMPACT, NUTRITION, NUTRITION EDUCATION, NUTRITIONAL STATUS, OUTPUT GROWTH, PARASITIC DISEASES, PER CAPITA GROWTH, POLICY REFORMS, POOR COUNTRIES, POOR PEOPLE, POPULATION GROWTH, POVERTY ASSESSMENT, POVERTY COMPARISONS, POVERTY GROUP, POVERTY IMPACT, POVERTY INDICATORS, POVERTY LEVELS, POVERTY LINE, POVERTY MAP, POVERTY PROFILE, POVERTY PROJECTIONS, POVERTY REDUCING, POVERTY REDUCTION, POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY, POVERTY STRATEGY, POVERTY TRENDS, POVERTY WORK, PREGNANCY, PRICE CHANGES, PRIMARY SCHOOL, PRIVATE CONSUMPTION, PRIVATE COSTS, PRIVATE SECTOR, PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTIVITY, PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH, PUBLIC ACTIONS, PUBLIC EXPENDITURES, PUBLIC HEALTH, PUBLIC INVESTMENT, PUBLIC RESOURCES, PUBLIC SECTOR, PUBLIC SPENDING, QUALITATIVE POVERTY, RAPID GROWTH, REAL EXCHANGE RATE, REAL TERMS, REDUCING POVERTY, RURAL AREAS, RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, RURAL POOR, RURAL POPULATION, RURAL POVERTY, SAFETY NETS, SAVINGS, SECTOR EMPLOYMENT, SERVICE PROVISION, SHORT TERM, SOCIAL ACTION, SOCIAL INDICATORS, SOCIAL ISSUES, SOCIAL OUTCOMES, SOCIAL PROTECTION, SOCIAL SECTORS, SOCIAL SECURITY, SOCIAL SERVICES, SOCIAL SPENDING, STRUCTURAL REFORM, STRUCTURAL REFORMS, TERMS OF TRADE, UNEMPLOYMENT, URBAN AREAS, URBAN POPULATION, URBAN POVERTY, VIOLENCE, WAGES, WORKERS, YOUNG WOMEN POVERTY ASSESSMENTS, POVERTY REDUCTION, FERTILITY RATES, DOMESTIC VIOLENCE, RURAL POVERTY, CHILD NUTRITION, MALNUTRITION IN CHILDREN, INFANT MORTALITY, MATERNAL MORTALITY, PARASITIC DISEASES, FOREIGN CAPITAL, ILLITERACY RATES, SOCIAL SERVICES, PRIMARY EDUCATION, RURAL INCOME, NUTRITION PROGRAMS, SOCIAL PROTECTION SYSTEMS, EXTERNAL DEBT, ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE, PUBLIC EXPENDITURES, PUBLIC EXPENDITURES FOR EDUCATION, PUBLIC EXPENDITURES FOR HEALTH, RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS, SOCIAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY, NONFARM INCOME, MACROECONOMIC STABILITY, POPULATION INCREASE, GENDER EQUALITY