Population, Poverty, and Climate Change
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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The literature is reviewed on the
relationships between population, poverty, and climate
change. While developed countries are largely responsible
for global warming, the brunt of the fallout will be borne
by the developing world, in lower agricultural output,
poorer health, and more frequent natural disasters. Carbon
emissions in the developed world have leveled off, but are
projected to rise rapidly in the developing world due to
their economic growth and population growth -- the latter
most notably in the poorest countries. Lowering fertility
has many benefits for the poorest countries. Studies
indicate that, in high fertility settings, fertility decline
facilitates economic growth and poverty reduction. It also
reduces the pressure on livelihoods, and frees up resources
to cope with climate change. And it helps avert some of the
projected global warming, which will benefit these countries
far more than those that lie at higher latitudes and/or have
more resources to cope with climate change. Natural
experiments indicate that family planning programs are
effective in helping reduce fertility, and that they are
highly pro-poor in their impact. While the rest of the world
wrestles with the complexities of reducing emissions, the
poorest countries will gain much from simple programs to
lower fertility.
Palabras clave
ABORTION, ACCESS TO CONTRACEPTION, ACCESS TO CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS, ACCESS TO CONTRACEPTIVES, ACCESS TO FAMILY PLANNING, BIRTH CONTROL, BIRTH RATES, BULLETIN, CAPACITY BUILDING, CENSUSES, CHANGE IN POPULATION, CHILD HEALTH, CHILD MORTALITY, CHILDBEARING, CHILDREN PER WOMAN, CLIMATE CHANGE, COERCION, COMMITTEE ON POPULATION, COMMUNICATION EFFORTS, CONTRACEPTION, CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY, CONTRACEPTIVE INFORMATION, CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS, CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE, CONTRACEPTIVE USE, CULTURAL CHANGE, DEMAND FOR CONTRACEPTION, DEMAND FOR FOOD, DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION, DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS, DEPENDENCY RATIOS, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPMENT POLICIES, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, DISEASES, DISSEMINATION, EARLY CHILDHOOD, ECONOMIC CHANGE, ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF POPULATION, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC POLICIES, EDUCATED WOMEN, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, EFFECTIVE FAMILY PLANNING, ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE, ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, EXCESS FERTILITY, FAMILY PLANNING, FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM, FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS, FAMILY PLANNING SERVICES, FAMILY SIZE, FEMALE EDUCATION, FERTILITY, FERTILITY DECLINE, FERTILITY DECLINES, FERTILITY RATE, FERTILITY RATES, FERTILITY TRANSITIONS, FEWER BIRTHS, FEWER CHILDREN, FEWER PEOPLE, FIRST BIRTH, FOOD PRODUCTION, FOOD SECURITY, FOREIGN POLICY, FREE CONDOMS, FREE CONTRACEPTIVES, FUTURE GROWTH, FUTURE POPULATION, GENOCIDE, GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE, GLOBAL POPULATION, GLOBAL POPULATION GROWTH, GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS, GREENHOUSE GAS, GROUNDWATER, HEALTH POLICY, HEALTH RISKS, HEALTH SERVICES, HEALTH SYSTEMS, HOUSEHOLD LEVEL, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUSBANDS, IMPACT OF EDUCATION, IMPACT OF FAMILY PLANNING, IMPACT OF POPULATION, IMPACT ON FERTILITY, INDUSTRIALIZATION, INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY, INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS, INTERNATIONAL FAMILY PLANNING, INTERNATIONAL FAMILY PLANNING PERSPECTIVES, INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION, JOB CREATION, LABOR FORCE, LABOR SUPPLY, LARGE NUMBERS OF PEOPLE, LEVEL OF FERTILITY, LEVELS OF FERTILITY, LIFE EXPECTANCY, LIFETIME FERTILITY, LIVING STANDARDS, LOWER FERTILITY, MARRIED WOMEN, MASS COMMUNICATION, MASS MEDIA, MATERNAL HEALTH, MEXICO CITY POLICY, MIGRANTS, MODERN METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION, MOMENTUM OF POPULATION GROWTH, MORTALITY, MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE, NATIONAL LEVEL, NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, NATIVISM, NATURAL DISASTERS, NATURAL ENVIRONMENT, NATURAL RESOURCE, NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, NATURAL RESOURCES, ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, POLICY DISCUSSIONS, POLICY RESEARCH, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER, POLLUTION, POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT, POPULATION CHANGE, POPULATION CONFERENCE, POPULATION CONTROL, POPULATION CONTROL POLICIES, POPULATION DENSITY, POPULATION DYNAMICS, POPULATION GROWTH, POPULATION GROWTH RATES, POPULATION INCREASE, POPULATION MOMENTUM, POPULATION POLICIES, POPULATION POLICY, POPULATION PRESSURE, POPULATION PROJECTIONS, POPULATION REFERENCE BUREAU, POPULATION SIZE, POPULATION STUDIES, POPULATION TRENDS, PREGNANCIES, PRESS RELEASE, PROGRESS, PUBLIC HEALTH, PUBLIC POLICY, PUBLIC SERVICES, RADIO, RAPID POPULATION GROWTH, RATES OF GROWTH, REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH, RESOURCE CONSTRAINT, RESOURCE DEPLETION, RISING CONSUMPTION, RISING DEMAND, RISK FACTORS, RURAL AREAS, RURAL POPULATION, RURAL POPULATION GROWTH, RURAL WOMEN, SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF POPULATION, SEA LEVEL, SEXUAL BEHAVIOR, SLOWER POPULATION GROWTH, SLOWING POPULATION GROWTH, SMALL FAMILIES, SOCIAL NORMS, SOCIAL SCIENCE, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE FOOD PRODUCTION, TEENAGERS, TELEVISION, UNEMPLOYMENT, UNITED NATIONS POPULATION DIVISION, UNWANTED CHILDREN, URBAN SLUMS, URBAN SQUATTER, VICTIMS, VULNERABILITY, WAR, WATER RESOURCES, WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, WORLD POPULATION, YOUNG CHILDREN, YOUNG WOMEN