Bhutan : Country Environmental Safeguard Review
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Washington, DC
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The country environmental safeguard
review provides an overall assessment of Bhutan's
environmental safeguard system. The study is not intended to
be comprehensive or prescriptive. It is meant to provide a
broad overview of some key legal, policy, and institutional
challenges and highlight some options for possible future
action. The following points identify the broad focus of the
review: (i) identify critical gaps in Bhutan's policies
and regulations for environmental safeguard management and
specific measures to reach equivalence with international
best practice (equivalence analysis); (ii) evaluate
Bhutan's capacity and commitment to implement its
environmental policies and regulations and assess specific
actions that are necessary to strengthen institutional
capacity and improve outcomes (acceptability assessment);
and (iii) prioritize options for enhancement of
Bhutan's environmental safeguard systems, particularly
critical actions needed to keep pace with economic
development and Royal Government of Bhutan (RGOB) commitment
to decentralize decision making to the district level. This
review recognizes that the differences between Bhutan's
system and the corresponding Bank policies identified in the
equivalence analysis could be readily addressed by revisions
to the relevant code of environmental practices or by the
introduction of additional codes of practices, which is
within the administrative authority of the National
Environmental Commission (NEC). Others can be bridged on a
systemic basis through legal or regulatory measures and, in
particular, through the development of new legislation for
safety of dams, which will then make Bhutan's
environmental safeguard policies fully equivalent with the
corresponding Bank policies.
Palabras clave
ABATEMENT, AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT, ALPINE REGIONS, ARABLE LAND, BASIC SOCIAL SERVICES, BIODIVERSITY, BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION, BIODIVERSITY STATUS, BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION, BIOLOGICAL CORRIDORS, BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY, BIOLOGICAL HERITAGE, BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES, BIOSPHERE, BIOSPHERE RESERVE, BUFFER ZONES, CAPACITY BUILDING, CITIZEN, CITIZENS, CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS, CLIMATE CHANGE, COMMERCIAL FORESTRY, COMMUNITY FORESTRY, COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS, CONSERVATION ACTIVITIES, CONSERVATION AREAS, CONSERVATION NEEDS, CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY, CONSERVATION PROJECTS, CONSERVE BIODIVERSITY, CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, COST EFFECTIVENESS, CULTURAL HERITAGE, CULTURAL RESOURCES, DECISION MAKING, DEMOCRACY, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE, DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS, DEVELOPMENT GOALS, DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES, DEVELOPMENT PLANNING, DEVELOPMENT PLANS, DISEASE CONTROL, EARLY IDENTIFICATION, ECOLOGICAL DEGRADATION, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECOSYSTEM, ECOSYSTEMS, EFFECTIVE POLICIES, ELIMINATION OF POVERTY, EMISSION STANDARDS, EMISSIONS, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, ENACTMENT OF LEGISLATION, ENVIRONMENTAL, ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION, ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS, ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION, ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES, ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY, ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, EXPLOITATION, EXTERNALITIES, FIRE PREVENTION, FOREST, FOREST AREA, FOREST AREAS, FOREST COVER, FOREST FIRE, FOREST FIRES, FOREST MANAGEMENT, FOREST MANAGEMENT POLICY, FOREST POLICY, FOREST PRODUCTS, FOREST PROTECTION, FOREST SECTOR, FORESTRY, FORESTRY SECTOR, FORESTS, FRAGILE ECOSYSTEM, FUTURE GENERATIONS, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT, HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT, HEALTH RISKS, HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT, HOLISTIC MANNER, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT, HUMAN SETTLEMENT, ILLEGAL ENCROACHMENTS, ILLEGAL HARVESTING, INCOME, INDICATOR SPECIES, INDIGENOUS PEOPLES, INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT, INFORMATION SYSTEMS, INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY, INTERGENERATIONAL EQUITY, INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS, INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION, LAKE, LAKES, LAND CLEARANCE, LAND USE, LEGAL MANDATE, LEGAL STATUS, LEGISLATION, LOGGING, MALARIA, MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS, MINISTRY OF HEALTH, NATIONAL BOUNDARIES, NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, NATIONAL FOREST POLICY, NATIONAL FORESTRY POLICY, NATIONAL LEVEL, NATIONAL LEVELS, NATIONAL PARK, NATIONAL PARKS, NATIONAL POLICY, NATURAL ENVIRONMENT, NATURAL FOREST RESOURCES, NATURAL HABITATS, NATURAL RESOURCE, NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, NATURAL RESOURCES, NATURE CONSERVATION, NATURE RESERVE, NOISE POLLUTION, PEACE, PESTICIDES, PLANT, PLANTATION FORESTRY, POACHING, POLICY FRAMEWORK, POLICY GUIDANCE, POLLUTION, POLLUTION ABATEMENT, POLLUTION CONTROL, POPULATION DISTRIBUTION, PRIMARY FOREST, PRISTINE ENVIRONMENT, PUBLIC HEALTH, PUBLIC PARTICIPATION, RAW TIMBER, RECIPIENT COUNTRIES, RECIPIENT COUNTRY, RENEWABLE RESOURCES, RESERVED FORESTS, RESERVES, RESOURCE LIMITATIONS, RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, RESPECT, RIPARIAN AREAS, ROAD CONSTRUCTION, ROAD NETWORKS, ROADS, RURAL POPULATION, SAFETY PROCEDURES, SANCTUARIES, SANITATION, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL ISSUES, SOCIAL POLICIES, SOCIOECONOMIC PROGRESS, SPECIES, STEWARDSHIP, STREAMS, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT POLICY, SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH, SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT, SUSTAINABLE FORESTRY, SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT, SUSTAINABLE USE, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, TECHNICAL CAPACITY, TIMBER, TIMBER FOREST, TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS, TOURISM, TRANSACTION COSTS, TREATIES, TREES, URBAN AREAS, URBAN DEVELOPMENT, URBANIZATION, WATER RESOURCES, WATERSHED, WEAK ENFORCEMENT, WILDLIFE, WILDLIFE CONSERVATION, WILDLIFE PROTECTION, WILDLIFE RESERVE, WILDLIFE RESOURCES, WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION