Trade in a ‘Green Growth’ Development Strategy : Global Scale Issues and Challenges
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This paper surveys the state of
knowledge about the trade-related environmental consequences
of a country's development strategy along three
channels: (i) direct trade-environment linkages
(overexploitation of natural resources and trade-related
transport costs); (ii) 'virtual trade' in
emissions resulting from production activities; and (iii)
the product mix attributes of a 'green-growth'
strategy (environmentally preferable products and goods for
environmental management). Trade exacerbates
over-exploitation of natural resources in weak institutional
environments, but there is little evidence that differences
in environmental policies across countries has led to
significant 'pollution havens.' Trade policies to
'level the playing field' would be ineffective and
result in destructive conflicts in the World Trade
Organization. Lack of progress at the Doha Round suggests
the need to modify the current system of global policy making.
Palabras clave
ABATEMENT, ABATEMENT COSTS, ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, AIR, AIR CARGO, AIR POLLUTION, AIR POLLUTION CONTROL, AIR TRANSPORT, ALUMINUM, AQUIFERS, ASBESTOS, BILATERAL TRADE, BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND, BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY, BUFFER ZONE, BUYING POWER, CAPITAL STOCK, CARBON, CARBON ACCOUNTING, CARBON CONTENT, CARBON FOOTPRINT, CARBON LEAKAGE, CARBON POLICIES, CARBON SAVINGS, CARBON TAX, CARBON TAXES, CARS, CERTIFICATION PROCESS, CFC, CFCS, CHEMICALS, CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS, CIVIL WAR, CLEAN AIR, CLEAN ENERGY, CLEAN TECHNOLOGIES, CLIMATE, CLIMATE CHANGE, CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION, CLIMATE CHANGE NEGOTIATIONS, CO, CO2, COMMODITIES, COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE, COMPETITIVENESS, CONSUMER SURPLUS, CONSUMERS, CONSUMPTION PATTERNS, CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE, DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPMENT PATH, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY, DIFFUSION, DIVERGENCE, DUMPING, ECOLOGY, ECONOMIC ANALYSIS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMICS, ECONOMIES OF SCALE, ELASTICITY, ELECTRICITY, EMISSION, EMISSION ALLOWANCES, EMISSION CAP, EMISSION CUTS, EMISSION REDUCTIONS, EMISSIONS, EMISSIONS FROM FOSSIL-FUEL COMBUSTION, ENDANGERED SPECIES, ENERGY SOURCES, ENVIRONMENTAL, ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS, ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINT, ENVIRONMENTAL GOODS, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS, ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES, ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY, ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS, ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY, ENVIRONMENTS, EQUILIBRIUM, EXPENDITURES, EXPLOITATION, EXPORTS, EXTERNALITIES, EXTERNALITY, FERROUS METALS, FINANCIAL SUPPORT, FISH, FISHERIES, FISHING, FOREST, FOREST AREAS, FORESTRY, FORESTRY PRODUCTS, FORESTS, FOSSIL FUEL, FOSSIL FUELS, FREE TRADE, FREIGHT, FUEL SUBSIDIES, GAS FLARING, GASES, GDP, GEMS, GHG, GHGS, GLOBAL CARBON TAXES, GLOBAL CLIMATE, GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE, GLOBAL WARMING, GREENHOUSE, GREENHOUSE GAS, GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION, GROSS VALUE, HAZARDOUS WASTES, HUMAN CAPITAL, IMPACTS ON BIODIVERSITY, INCOMES, INDUSTRIAL ECONOMIES, INEFFICIENCY, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, INJURY, INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENTS, INTERMEDIATE INPUTS, INTERNATIONAL FREIGHT TRANSPORT, INTERNATIONAL MARKETS, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT, IRON, JURISDICTION, JURISDICTIONS, LAND TRANSPORT, LDCS, LOW-CARBON, MARITIME TRANSPORT, METALS, MODE OF TRANSPORT, MODES OF TRANSPORT, MONTREAL PROTOCOL, MULTILATERAL TRADE, NATIONAL INCOME, NATURAL CAPITAL, NATURAL RESOURCE, NATURAL RESOURCES, NITROGEN, NITROGEN OXIDES, NO2, NORMAL GOOD, OIL, OPPORTUNITY COST, OUTPUT, OUTSOURCING, OXYGEN, PARTICULATES, PER CAPITA INCOME, PERFECT COMPETITION, PERVERSE SUBSIDIES, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, PH, POLITICAL ECONOMY, POLLUTION, POLLUTION DAMAGE, POLLUTION TAXES, PP, PRICE INCENTIVES, PRODUCERS, PRODUCTION COSTS, PRODUCTION PROCESSES, PROFIT MARGIN, PROPERTY RIGHTS, PROVEN OIL RESERVES, PUBLIC GOOD, PUBLIC GOODS, RAIL, RECYCLING, REDUCTION IN EMISSIONS, REGULATOR, RENEWABLE ENERGIES, RENEWABLE ENERGY, RENEWABLE RESOURCES, RESOURCE CONSERVATION, RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, RIDER, ROAD, ROUTE, SAFE CONDITIONS, SCALE EFFECT, SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE, SINK, SO2, SULFUR, SULFUR OXIDE, SUSPENDED SOLIDS, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE GROWTH, SUSTAINABLE USE, TAX, TAXATION, TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE, TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS, TEMPERATURE, TEMPERATURE CHANGE, TIMBER, TOTAL EMISSIONS, TRADE BARRIERS, TRADE LIBERALIZATION, TRADE NEGOTIATIONS, TRADE POLICIES, TRADE POLICY, TRADE REFORMS, TRADE TAX, TRADE TAXES, TRADING SYSTEM, TRAFFIC, TRANSACTION COSTS, TRANSPARENCY, TRANSPORT, TRANSPORT ACTIVITIES, TRANSPORT COSTS, TRANSPORT EMISSIONS, TRANSPORT MODE, TRANSPORT MODES, TRANSPORT SERVICES, TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY, TRANSPORTATION, TRUE, UNEP, URUGUAY ROUND, UTILITY FUNCTION, VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, WIND, WIND TURBINES, WOOD PRODUCTS, WORLD TRADE, WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION, WTO