Examining Conditional Cash Transfer Programs : A Role for Increased Social Inclusion?
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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Conditional Cash Transfer programs
(CCTs) provide money to poor families contingent upon
certain verifiable actions, generally minimum investments in
children s human capital such as regular school attendance
or basic preventative health care. They therefore hold
promise for addressing the inter-generational transmission
of poverty and fostering social inclusion by explicitly
targeting the poor, focusing on children, delivering
transfers to women, and changing social accountability
relationships between beneficiaries, service providers and
governments. CCT programs are at the forefront of applying
new social policy theories and program administration
practices. They address demand-side barriers, have a
synergistic focus on investments in health, education and
nutrition, and combine short-term transfers for income
support with incentives for long-run investments in human
capital. They also are public sector leaders in program
administration, using modern targeting, registering, and
monitoring systems along with strategic evaluations. Their
impact depends on the supply of quality, accessible health
and education services and may increase with strengthened
links to the labor market, and a greater focus on early
childhood and transient support to households facing shocks.
CCT programs are facing a number of challenges as they
evolve, from reaching vulnerable groups to fostering
transparency and accountability, especially at the community
level. Centralized programs have been criticized for
limiting the engagement of local governments and civil
society and it is clear that in limited capacity
environments, a greater reliance on communities is
warranted. In sum, though promising, these programs are not
a panacea against social exclusion and should form part of
comprehensive social and economic policy strategies and be
applied carefully in different policy contexts.
Palabras clave
ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS, ADOLESCENTS, ADULT EDUCATION, AGING, ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS, BENEFICIARIES, BENEFICIARY, CASH BENEFITS, CASH GRANT, CASH TRANSFER, CASH TRANSFER PROGRAMS, CASH TRANSFERS, CHILD CARE, CHILD DEVELOPMENT, CHILD LABOR, CHILDBEARING, CITIZENS, COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION, CONDITIONAL CASH, CONFLICT, CONTRACEPTIVE USE, COST-EFFECTIVENESS, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPMENT INTERVENTIONS, DISABILITY, DISCRIMINATION, DOMESTIC VIOLENCE, DROPOUT, EARLY CHILDHOOD, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC POLICIES, EDUCATION GRANT, EDUCATION GRANTS, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, ELDERLY, ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA, ELIGIBLE BENEFICIARIES, EXPOSURE TO PREGNANCY, EXTENDED FAMILIES, EXTREME POOR HOUSEHOLDS, EXTREME POVERTY, EXTREME POVERTY LINE, FEE WAIVERS, FEMALE PARTICIPATION, FERTILITY, FINANCIAL CAPACITY, FISCAL CONSTRAINTS, FOOD CONSUMPTION, FOOD EXPENDITURES, FOOD STAMPS, FOOD TRANSFER, FORMAL EMPLOYMENT, GENDER DIMENSIONS, GENDER DISCRIMINATION, GENDER ISSUES, GENERAL PRACTITIONERS, GENERATIONAL TRANSMISSION OF POVERTY, GIRLS IN SCHOOL, HEALTH CARE, HEALTH CENTER, HEALTH CENTERS, HEALTH EDUCATION, HEALTH INSURANCE, HEIGHT FOR AGE, HIGH INEQUALITY, HIGHER INEQUALITY, HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION, HOUSEHOLD ELIGIBILITY, HOUSEHOLD HEAD, HOUSEHOLD LEVEL, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT, HUMAN CAPITAL INVESTMENTS, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, ILLNESS, IMPACT ON FERTILITY, IMPROVEMENTS IN MANAGEMENT, INCOME, INCOME SUPPORT, INCOME TRANSFER, INDIGENOUS PEOPLE, INDIVIDUAL HOUSEHOLDS, INEQUALITY, INFORMAL INSURANCE, INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY, INSURANCE SCHEMES, INSURANCE SYSTEMS, INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY, INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL SECURITY, LABOR FORCE, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MARKET POLICIES, LACK OF INFORMATION, LEVELS OF CONSUMPTION, LIMITED CAPACITY, LIVING STANDARDS, LOCAL AUTHORITIES, LOCAL ECONOMY, LOCAL GOVERNMENTS, LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES, LOW-INCOME SETTINGS, MALNOURISHED CHILDREN, MALNUTRITION, MARKET FAILURES, MEANS TEST, MEANS TESTS, MICRO CREDIT, MICRO-CREDIT, MICRO-ENTERPRISE, MIGRATION, MODERNIZATION, MOTHER, NATIONAL EFFORTS, NATIONAL GOVERNMENT, NATURAL DISASTERS, NEEDY FAMILIES, NEW DEAL, NUTRITION GRANT, NUTRITION GRANTS, PARENTING, PENSION, PENSIONS, PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES, POLICY LEVEL, POLITICAL ECONOMY, POLITICAL SUPPORT, POOR, POOR COUNTRIES, POOR FAMILIES, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, POOR LIVING, POOR PEOPLE, POOR POPULATIONS, POVERTY ALLEVIATION, POVERTY LEVEL, POVERTY LINE, POVERTY MAPS, POVERTY PROGRAMS, POVERTY REDUCTION, PREGNANCY, PREGNANT WOMEN, PREVENTATIVE HEALTH, PREVENTIVE HEALTH, PRIMARY SCHOOL, PRIMARY SCHOOL AGE, PROTECTION POLICIES, PROTECTION SYSTEMS, PUBLIC SAFETY NETS, PUBLIC SPENDING, PUBLIC TRANSFERS, PUBLIC WORKS, QUALITY CONTROL, REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH, RESOURCE ALLOCATION, RESPECT, RISK MANAGEMENT, RISK-COPING, ROLE OF WOMEN, RURAL, RURAL AREAS, RURAL DEVELOPMENT, RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, SAFETY NET PROGRAMS, SANITATION, SAVINGS, SCHOOL ATTENDANCE, SCHOOL CHILDREN, SCHOOL COMPLETION, SCHOOL ENROLLMENT, SCHOOL FEES, SCHOOL MATERIALS, SCHOOL STUDENTS, SCHOOL SUBSIDIES, SCHOOL SUPPLIES, SECONDARY SCHOOL, SERVICE DELIVERY, SERVICE PROVIDERS, SERVICE PROVISION, SHOCK, SOCIAL ASSISTANCE, SOCIAL EXCLUSION, SOCIAL FUNDS, SOCIAL INSURANCE, SOCIAL INSURANCE PROGRAMS, SOCIAL NORMS, SOCIAL PENSION, SOCIAL POLICY, SOCIAL PROGRAM, SOCIAL PROGRAMS, SOCIAL PROTECTION, SOCIAL RISKS, SOCIAL SAFETY NET, SOCIAL SAFETY NETS, SOCIAL SERVICE, SOCIAL SERVICES, SOCIAL WORKER, TARGETED TRANSFERS, TARGETING, TARGETING MECHANISMS, TEACHING MATERIALS, TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS, TEMPORARY ASSISTANCE, TRANSACTION COSTS, TRANSFER PROGRAM, TRANSITION ECONOMIES, TRANSPORTATION, UNEMPLOYMENT, UNINSURED RISKS, URBAN AREAS, VIOLENCE, VULNERABILITY, VULNERABLE CHILDREN, VULNERABLE GROUP, VULNERABLE GROUPS, WELFARE REFORM, WORK REQUIREMENT, YOUNG CHILDREN