Are Cash Transfers Made to Women Spent Like Other Sources of Income?
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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How cash transfers made to women are
used has important implications for models of household
behavior and for the design of social programs. In this
paper, the authors use the randomized introduction of an
unconditional cash transfer to poor women in rural Ecuador
to analyze the effect of transfers on the food Engel curve.
There are two main findings. First, the authors show that
households randomly assigned to receive Bono de Desarrollo
Humano (BDH) transfers have a significantly higher food
share in expenditures than those that were randomly assigned
to the control group. Second, they show that the rising food
share among BDH beneficiaries is found among households that
have both adult males and females, but not among households
that only have adult females. Bargaining power between men
and women is likely to be important in mixed-adult
households, but not among female-only households, where
there are no men to bargain with. Finally, the authors show
that within mixed-adult households, program effects are only
significant in households in which the initial bargaining
capacity of women was likely to be weak. This pattern of
results is consistent with an increase in the bargaining
power of women in households that received BDH transfers.
Palabras clave
ADULT FEMALES, ADULT MALES, AVERAGE FOOD SHARE, CALORIC REQUIREMENTS, CASH TRANSFER PROGRAMS, CASH TRANSFERS, COMMUNITY LEVEL, CONSUMER PRICE INDEX, CONSUMPTION AGGREGATE, CONSUMPTION PATTERNS, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH GROUP, FAMILIES, FOOD CONSUMPTION, FOOD EXPENDITURES, FOOD ITEMS, FOOD SHARE, GENDER, HOUSEHOLD BUDGET, HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURES, HOUSEHOLD HEAD, HOUSEHOLD HEADS, HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS, HOUSEHOLD RESOURCES, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY DATA, HOUSEHOLD WELFARE, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, INCOME, INCOME ON FOOD, INCOME RISES, LACK OF INFORMATION, LOCAL RADIO, MARITAL STATUS, NON-FOOD ITEMS, NON-POOR HOUSEHOLDS, NONFOOD EXPENDITURES, NUTRITIONAL STATUS, PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, POINTS, POLICY RESEARCH, POOR, POOR CHILDREN, POOR COMMUNITIES, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, POPULATION CENSUS, POVERTY INDEX, POWER, RECIPROCITY, RELATIVE PRICES, RURAL, RURAL AREAS, RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, SCHOOL FEEDING, SOCIAL PROGRAMS, STANDARD ERROR, STANDARD ERRORS, URBAN AREAS, UTILITY FUNCTION, VILLAGES