Restoring Balance :
            Bangladesh's Rural Energy Realities

Asaduzzaman, Mohammad; Barnes, Douglas F.; Khandker, Shahidur R.

Restoring Balance : Bangladesh's Rural Energy Realities

Autores

Asaduzzaman, Mohammad

Barnes, Douglas F.

Khandker, Shahidur R.

Editor

World Bank

Descripción

Bangladesh is one of the world's poorest countries. Nearly 80 percent of the nation's 140 million people reside in rural areas; of these, 20 percent live in extreme poverty. Geographically, many low-lying areas are vulnerable to severe flooding, while other regions are prone to drought, erosion, and soil salinity. Such an unfavorable agricultural landscape, combined with mismanagement of natural resources and increasing population pressure, is pushing many of the rural poor to the brink. Because Bangladesh is such a poor country, it also is one of the world's lowest energy producers. Total annual energy supply is only about 150 liters of oil equivalent per capita (International Energy Agency, or IEA 2003); in rural areas, conditions are even worse. Compared to other developing countries, Bangladesh uses little modern energy. Despite its successful rural electrification program, close to two-thirds of households remain without electricity and, with the exception of kerosene, commercial fuels are beyond reach for many. Moreover, biomass fuels are becoming increasingly scarce. Collected mainly from the local environment as recently as two decades ago, bio-fuels are fast becoming a marketed commodity as access to local biomass continues to shrink. This study, the first to concentrate on Bangladesh's energy systems and their effects on the lives of rural people, drew on these background studies, as well as other World Bank-financed research on indoor air pollution (IAP) and rural infrastructure, to present a rural energy strategy for the country. Much of this study's analytical underpinning was based on several background studies. This study also reanalyzed data from earlier research to better understand the benefits of modern energy use for rural households, farm activities, and small businesses.

Palabras clave

ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY, ACCESS TO ENERGY, ACCESS TO GRID, ACCESS TO GRID ELECTRICITY, ACCESS TO MODERN ENERGY, AGRICULTURAL RESIDUE, AGRICULTURAL RESIDUES, AIR, AIR POLLUTION, ANIMAL DUNG, ANNUAL ENERGY USE, APPROACH, AVAILABILITY, BAGASSE, BALANCE, BATTERIES, BIO-GAS, BIOFUELS, BIOGAS, BIOGAS TECHNOLOGY, BIOMASS, BIOMASS BURNING, BIOMASS COLLECTION, BIOMASS DEMAND, BIOMASS ENERGIES, BIOMASS ENERGY, BIOMASS FUELS, BIOMASS SOURCE, BIOMASS STOVES, BITUMINOUS COAL, CHARCOAL, CLAY STOVE, CLAY STOVES, CLIMATE, CLIMATE CHANGE, COLORS, COMBUSTION, COMMERCIAL ENERGY, COMMERCIAL FUELS, CONNECTED HOUSEHOLDS, CONSUMER DEMAND, COST OF SERVICE, COW DUNG, CROP, CROP RESIDUE, CROP RESIDUES, DEMAND CURVE, DEMAND FOR ENERGY, DIESEL, DIESEL ENGINES, DIESEL POWER, DIESEL USE, DISTRIBUTION OF ENERGY, DOMESTIC GAS, DROUGHT, EFFICIENT ENERGY USE, EFFICIENT USE, EFFICIENT USE OF BIOMASS, EFFICIENT USE OF ENERGY, ELECTRIC APPLIANCES, ELECTRIC LIGHTING, ELECTRIC LIGHTS, ELECTRIC POWER, ELECTRICITY, ELECTRICITY COMPANIES, ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION, ELECTRICITY DEMAND, ELECTRICITY GRID, ELECTRICITY PRICING, ELECTRICITY SUPPLY, ELECTRICITY USE, END-USE, END-USE EFFICIENCY, ENERGY ACCESS, ENERGY BALANCE, ENERGY COMPONENT, ENERGY CONSUMPTION, ENERGY CONVERSION, ENERGY COSTS, ENERGY DEMAND, ENERGY DEVELOPMENT, ENERGY EFFICIENCIES, ENERGY EXPENDITURE, ENERGY EXPENDITURES, ENERGY MARKETS, ENERGY NEEDS, ENERGY OUTPUT, ENERGY POLICIES, ENERGY POLICY, ENERGY PRICES, ENERGY PRICING, ENERGY PRODUCERS, ENERGY PROJECTS, ENERGY SECTOR, ENERGY SERVICES, ENERGY SOURCE, ENERGY SOURCES, ENERGY STRATEGY, ENERGY SUPPLIES, ENERGY SUPPLY, ENERGY SYSTEMS, ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES, ENERGY USE, ENERGY USES, ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH, FOREST, FOREST COVER, FOREST LANDS, FOREST PATCHES, FOREST RESOURCES, FOREST TREE, FORESTRY, FORESTS, FUEL, FUEL COLLECTION, FUEL SOURCE, FUEL SUBSTITUTION, FUEL TYPES, FUELS, GAS, GAS FIELDS, GAS SECTOR, GENERATION, GRID CONNECTION, GRID ELECTRICITY, GRID ELECTRIFICATION, GRID SYSTEM, GRID SYSTEMS, HEALTH RISKS, HEAT, HEATING ENERGY, HEAVY RELIANCE, HOUSEHOLD COOKING, HOUSEHOLD ELECTRIFICATION, HOUSEHOLD ENERGY, HOUSEHOLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION, HOUSEHOLD ENERGY USE, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSEHOLD INCOMES, HOUSEHOLD LIGHTING, HYDROCARBONS, INCOME, INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY, KEROSENE, KEROSENE LAMPS, KEROSENE LANTERN, KEROSENE USE, KILOWATT-HOUR, LAND OWNERSHIP, LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS, LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS, LNG, LOAD SHEDDING, METHANE, MICRO-GRIDS, MINERAL RESOURCES, MODERN FUELS, MOISTURE CONTENT, NATIONAL ENERGY POLICY, NATIONAL GRID, NATURAL GAS, NATURAL RESOURCES, OIL, OIL EQUIVALENT, PARTICLES, PER CAPITA INCOME, PETROLEUM, PETROLEUM GAS, PM10, POLLUTION, POWER, POWER GRID, POWER RATING, POWER SECTOR, PRICE OF ELECTRICITY, PROCESS HEAT, QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS, RENEWABLE ENERGY, RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT, RENEWABLE TECHNOLOGIES, RURAL AREAS, RURAL CONSUMERS, RURAL ELECTRIC, RURAL ELECTRIC COOPERATIVES, RURAL ELECTRICITY, RURAL ELECTRIFICATION, RURAL ELECTRIFICATION PROGRAM, RURAL ENERGY, RURAL ENERGY DEMAND, RURAL ENERGY DEVELOPMENT, RURAL ENERGY MARKETS, RURAL ENERGY SOLUTIONS, RURAL ENERGY SUPPLY, RURAL ENERGY USE, RURAL HOUSEHOLD, RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, SMOKE, SOLAR HOME, SOLAR HOME SYSTEMS, SOURCE OF ELECTRICITY, SPACE COOLING, SPACE HEATING, SUGAR, SUGAR CANE, SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, SUSTAINABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT, TRADITIONAL BIOMASS, TRADITIONAL STOVES, URBAN POPULATION, USE OF BIOMASS, USE OF BIOMASS ENERGY, VILLAGE ENTERPRISES, WASTE, WOOD