Migration, Sorting and Regional Inequality : Evidence from Bangladesh
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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Using household level data from
Bangladesh, this paper examines the differences in the rates
of return to household attributes over the entire welfare
distribution. The empirical evidence uncovers substantial
differences in returns between an integrated region
contiguous to the country's main growth centers, and a
less integrated region cut-off from those centers by major
rivers. The evidence suggests that households with better
observed and unobserved attributes (such as education and
ability) are concentrated in the integrated region where
returns are higher. Within each region, mobility of workers
seems to equalize returns at the lower half of the
distribution. The natural border created by the rivers
appears to hinder migration, causing returns differences
between the regions to persist. To reduce regional
inequality in welfare in Bangladesh, the results highlight
the need for improving connectivity between the regions, and
for investing in portable assets of the poor (such as human capital).
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO MARKET, ACCESS TO MARKETS, ADULT MALE, AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES, AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT, BANKS, BETTER ACCESS TO MARKETS, BIASES, COMMERCIAL BANK, COMMUNITY SURVEYS, CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE, CREDIT CONSTRAINT, CULTURAL BARRIERS, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, DEVELOPMENT ISSUES, DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH, DURABLE, DURABLE GOODS, EARNINGS, ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC REVIEW, EDUCATION LEVEL, EDUCATION LEVELS, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, ENDOWMENTS, ENTRY BARRIER, EXPENDITURE, EXPENDITURE LEVEL, EXPENDITURES, EXTREME POVERTY, FEDERAL RESERVE, FEDERAL RESERVE BANK, FLOW OF MIGRANTS, FOOD EXPENDITURE, GENDER, GROWTH IN POPULATION, HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATION, HIGHER INCIDENCE OF POVERTY, HOUSEHOLD ASSETS, HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS, HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE, HOUSEHOLD HEAD, HOUSEHOLD LEVEL, HOUSEHOLD LEVEL DATA, HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, HOUSEHOLDS, HUMAN CAPITAL, IMPORTANT POLICY, INCIDENCE OF POVERTY, INCOME, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, INDIVIDUAL LEVEL, INEQUALITY, INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT, INTERNAL MIGRATION, INTERNATIONAL BANK, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, INVESTING, LABOR FORCE, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MARKETS, LABOR MOBILITY, LACK OF ACCESS, LEVEL OF EDUCATION, LIQUID ASSETS, LIVING STANDARDS, MARKET ACCESS, MIGRANT, MIGRANTS, MIGRATION, MIGRATION FLOW, MIGRATION FLOWS, NON-FOOD EXPENDITURE, OPPORTUNITY COSTS, PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, PHYSICAL CAPITAL, POLICY IMPLICATIONS, POLICY RESEARCH, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER, POLITICAL ECONOMY, POOR, POOR AREAS, POOR INFRASTRUCTURE, POOR PEOPLE, POPULATION CENSUS, POVERTY ASSESSMENT, POVERTY LINE, POVERTY LINES, PRIMARY EDUCATION, PROGRESS, PUBLIC GOODS, QUALITY OF LIFE, RATE OF POPULATION GROWTH, RATE OF RETURN, RATES OF RETURN, RATES OF RETURNS, REGIONAL DIFFERENCES, REGIONAL DUMMIES, REGIONAL DUMMY, REGIONAL PRICE INDEX, REMITTANCE, REMITTANCES, RURAL, RURAL AREA, RURAL AREAS, RURAL DEVELOPMENT, RURAL DIFFERENCES, RURAL EMPLOYMENT, RURAL GAP, RURAL GAPS, RURAL INEQUALITY, RURAL POPULATION, SCHOOL QUALITY, SECONDARY DEGREE, SECONDARY EDUCATION, SELF-EMPLOYMENT, SKILLED WORKERS, SPOUSE, STANDARD ERRORS, TEMPORARY MIGRATION, TRADING, TRANSPORTATION, UNEMPLOYMENT, URBAN AMENITIES, URBAN AREA, URBAN AREAS, URBAN CENTERS, URBAN DEVELOPMENT, URBAN HOUSEHOLDS, URBAN MIGRATION, URBAN POPULATION, URBANIZATION, UTILITY FUNCTION, UTILITY LEVEL, VALUATION, WELFARE DISTRIBUTION, WELFARE LEVELS