Evaluation in the Practice of Development
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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Knowledge about development
effectiveness is constrained by two factors. First, the
project staff in governments and international agencies who
decide how much to invest in research on specific
interventions are often not well informed about the returns
to rigorous evaluation and (even when they are) cannot be
expected to take full account of the external benefits to
others from new knowledge. This leads to under-investment in
evaluative research. Second, while standard methods of
impact evaluation are useful, they often leave many
questions about development effectiveness unanswered. The
paper proposes ten steps for making evaluations more
relevant to the needs of practitioners. It is argued that
more attention needs to be given to identifying
policy-relevant questions (including the case for
intervention); that a broader approach should be taken to
the problems of internal validity; and that the problems of
external validity (including scaling up) merit more attention.
Palabras clave
ACADEMIC RESEARCH, ADVOCACY ROLE, ANTIPOVERTY PROGRAM, ANTIPOVERTY PROGRAMS, BENEFICIARIES, CHILD LABOR, CITIZENS, CONTROL GROUPS, CORRUPTION, COUNTERFACTUAL, DATA ANALYSIS, DATA COLLECTION, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE, DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS, DEVELOPMENT GOALS, DEVELOPMENT INTERVENTIONS, DEVELOPMENT POLICIES, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH, DISSEMINATION, ECONOMIC POLICIES, EMPLOYMENT, EVALUATION METHODS, EVALUATION RESULTS, EVALUATION STUDIES, EVALUATION TECHNIQUES, EXPERIMENTAL METHODS, EXPERIMENTS, FERTILITY, FIELD WORK, FINAL OUTCOMES, FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, GLOBAL POVERTY, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, HUMAN RESOURCES, IMPACT ASSESSMENT, IMPACT EVALUATION, INCOME, INFORMATION ASYMMETRIES, INFORMATION SYSTEM, INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS, INSTRUMENTAL VARIABLES, INTERMEDIATE INDICATORS, INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, INTERVENTION, INTERVIEWS, KNOWLEDGE GENERATION, LABOR FORCE, LABOR MARKET, LEARNING, LITERATURE, LIVELIHOODS, LIVING STANDARDS, LOCAL COMMUNITIES, METHODOLOGICAL RESEARCH, METHODOLOGY, MIGRATION, MODELING, MONITORING DATA, NGO, NUMBER OF PEOPLE, NUTRITION, NUTRITIONAL STATUS, OUTCOME INDICATORS, PERSISTENT POVERTY, POLICY CHANGE, POLICY IMPLICATIONS, POLICY MAKERS, POLICY RESEARCH, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER, POLITICAL SUPPORT, POOR NATIONS, POOR PEOPLE, POVERTY IMPACTS, POVERTY MEASURES, POVERTY MONITORING, POVERTY OUTCOMES, POVERTY REDUCTION, POVERTY REDUCTION PROGRAMS, PRACTITIONERS, PROGRAM EVALUATION, PROGRAM IMPACTS, PROGRAMS, PROGRESS, PROJECT MONITORING, PUBLIC SUPPORT, PUBLISHERS, QUALITATIVE RESEARCH, RESEARCH AGENDA, RESEARCH COMMUNITY, RESEARCH FINDINGS, RESEARCH NEEDS, RESEARCH PROJECTS, RESEARCH WORKING PAPERS, RESEARCHERS, SAFETY NET, SCHOOLS, SCIENCES, SCIENTIFIC CRITERIA, SCIENTIST, SECONDARY SCHOOL, SECONDARY SCHOOLING, SELECTION BIAS, SERVICE PROVIDERS, SERVICE PROVISION, SIMULATION, SIMULATION METHODS, SIMULATIONS, SOCIAL IMPACT, SOCIAL PROGRAMS, SOCIAL RETURNS, SOCIAL SCIENCE, SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH, SOCIAL SCIENCES, SOCIAL WELFARE, SPILLOVER, SURVEY DATA, TARGETING, TREATMENT EFFECTS, TUITION, UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, VALIDITY, VILLAGE CHARACTERISTICS, WORKERS