Environmental Reliance, Climate Exposure, and Vulnerability

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dc.creatorAngelsen, Arild
dc.creatorDokken, Therese
dc.date2015-12-18T19:46:17Z
dc.date2015-12-18T19:46:17Z
dc.date2015-11
dc.date.accessioned2026-07-01T00:48:14Z
dc.descriptionThis paper analyzes environmental reliance, poverty, and climate vulnerability among more than 7,300 households in forest adjacent communities in 24 developing countries. The data are from the detailed, quarterly income recording done by the Poverty Environment Network project. Observed income is combined with predicted income (based on households’ assets and other characteristics) to create four categories of households: income and asset poor (structurally poor), income rich and asset poor (stochastically non-poor), income poor and asset rich (stochastically poor), and income and asset rich (structurally non-poor). The income and asset poor generate 29 percent of their income from environmental resources, more than the other three categories. The income poor are more exposed to extreme and variable climate conditions. They tend to live in dryer (and hotter) villages in the dry forest zones, in wetter villages in the wet zones, and experience larger rainfall fluctuations. Among the self-reported income-generating responses to income shocks, extracting more environmental resources ranks second to seeking wage labor. Given high reliance on forest and other environmental resources, a concerning finding is that, in the Africa subsample (dominated by dry forests), the rate of forest loss is more than four times higher for the income asset poor compared with the income asset rich. Special attention should be given to the poorest households in dry areas, predominantly in Africa. They are (already) exposed to more extreme climate conditions, they suffer the highest forest loss, and the forest benefits are at risk in global warming scenarios.
dc.formatapplication/pdf
dc.formattext/plain
dc.identifierhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2015/11/25249890/environmental-reliance-climate-exposure-vulnerability-cross-section-analysis-structural-stochastic-poverty
dc.identifierhttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/23444
dc.identifierhttps://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-7474
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/123456789/411246
dc.languageEnglish
dc.languageen_US
dc.publisherWorld Bank, Washington, DC
dc.relationPolicy Research Working Paper;No. 7474
dc.rightsCC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rightshttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/
dc.rightsWorld Bank
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD INCOMES
dc.subjectIMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
dc.subjectFEMALE EDUCATION
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD SIZE
dc.subjectINCOME FLUCTUATIONS
dc.subjectUNCERTAINTIES
dc.subjectPOVERTY LINE
dc.subjectCLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY
dc.subjectINCOME POVERTY
dc.subjectFOOD CONSUMPTION
dc.subjectINCOME
dc.subjectEMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES
dc.subjectCLIMATES
dc.subjectDEATH
dc.subjectPORTFOLIO
dc.subjectRURAL LIVELIHOODS
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD POVERTY
dc.subjectWELFARE
dc.subjectPUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE
dc.subjectRURAL LIVELIHOODS
dc.subjectPOOR PEOPLE
dc.subjectMODELS
dc.subjectCLIMATE SCENARIOS
dc.subjectPRICE
dc.subjectMONETARY VALUE
dc.subjectGLOBAL POVERTY
dc.subjectLIVESTOCK INCOME
dc.subjectCROP VARIETIES
dc.subjectRURAL POPULATION
dc.subjectASSET HOLDINGS
dc.subjectMEASURES
dc.subjectEXTREME WEATHER
dc.subjectSAFETY NETS
dc.subjectPOVERTY REDUCTION
dc.subjectCOPING STRATEGIES
dc.subjectCROP YIELD
dc.subjectVULNERABLE GROUP
dc.subjectSAVINGS
dc.subjectCROP PRODUCTION
dc.subjectSCENARIOS
dc.subjectRURAL HOUSEHOLDS
dc.subjectDEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS
dc.subjectECONOMIC RECESSION
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD HEAD
dc.subjectLIVELIHOOD OPPORTUNITIES
dc.subjectPOOR HOUSEHOLD
dc.subjectRURAL INCOME
dc.subjectINCOME SHOCK
dc.subjectVULNERABLE HOUSEHOLDS
dc.subjectMARKETS
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD INCOME
dc.subjectPOVERTY STATUS
dc.subjectCHRONIC POVERTY
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD SURVEYS
dc.subjectHUMAN CAPITAL ASSETS
dc.subjectSOCIAL PROTECTION
dc.subjectCLIMATE CHANGE
dc.subjectINCOME RISK
dc.subjectFARMERS
dc.subjectRURAL WAGES
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS
dc.subjectCOVARIATE SHOCKS
dc.subjectFOOD PRODUCTION
dc.subjectFOOD BUYERS
dc.subjectLAND USE
dc.subjectCLIMATE VARIABILITY
dc.subjectWAGE WORK
dc.subjectCROP YIELDS
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD LEVEL
dc.subjectPOVERTY LINES
dc.subjectCONSUMPTION
dc.subjectHUMAN CAPITAL
dc.subjectFOOD SECURITY
dc.subjectCLIMATE CHANGE
dc.subjectPOLICIES
dc.subjectDROUGHT
dc.subjectSCHOOL FEES
dc.subjectFINANCIAL CAPITAL
dc.subjectMARKET PRICES
dc.subjectVALUE
dc.subjectINCOME SHOCKS
dc.subjectPOLICY MAKERS
dc.subjectEXTREME EVENTS
dc.subjectPURCHASING POWER
dc.subjectECONOMIC SECTORS
dc.subjectCLIMATE
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD‐LEVEL
dc.subjectSAFETY NET
dc.subjectRURAL POVERTY
dc.subjectPRODUCTIVE ASSETS
dc.subjectIMPACT OF SHOCKS
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL LAND
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD HEAD AGE
dc.subjectRURAL
dc.subjectNEGATIVE INCOME SHOCK
dc.subjectCLIMATE CHANGES
dc.subjectMARKET
dc.subjectACCESS TO MARKETS
dc.subjectPOLICY
dc.subjectSOCIAL CAPITAL
dc.subjectHUMAN HEALTH
dc.subjectTARGETING
dc.subjectMACROECONOMIC SHOCKS
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS
dc.subjectCLIMATIC CHANGE
dc.subjectCLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIOS
dc.subjectINCOME SHARES
dc.subjectFARM SELF-EMPLOYMENT
dc.subjectRURAL AREAS
dc.subjectPOVERTY
dc.subjectCLIMATE EXTREMES
dc.subjectPOLICY RELEVANCE
dc.subjectPOLICY IMPLICATIONS
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION
dc.subjectRISK MANAGEMENT
dc.subjectPOVERTY DYNAMICS
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD WELFARE
dc.subjectPOOR
dc.subjectEXTREME WEATHER EVENTS
dc.subjectECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS
dc.subjectPOOR MARKET ACCESS
dc.subjectSHOCK
dc.subjectFOOD PRICES
dc.subjectINCOME LOSS
dc.subjectECONOMIC SHOCKS
dc.subjectINCOME LOSSES
dc.subjectCROP INCOME
dc.subjectPRICES
dc.subjectPOVERTY ANALYSIS
dc.subjectBENEFITS
dc.subjectLAND ECONOMICS
dc.subjectPOOR HOUSEHOLDS
dc.titleEnvironmental Reliance, Climate Exposure, and Vulnerability
dc.titleA Cross-Section Analysis of Structural and Stochastic Poverty
dc.typeWorking Paper
dc.typeDocument de travail
dc.typeDocumento de trabajo

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