West Bank and Gaza Checkpoints and
            Barriers : Searching for Livelihoods

World Bank

West Bank and Gaza Checkpoints and Barriers : Searching for Livelihoods

Autores

World Bank

Editor

World Bank

Descripción

This report assesses the impact of the movement and access regime in the period 2000-07 on the economy and the working lives of Palestinians, exploring the gender dimension of restrictions on labor force participation, and how new tensions in the arena of work resulting from movement and access restrictions have affected relations between women and men. The findings of this study are based on an analysis of data covering the years 2000 to 2007 and examine the long-term impacts of restrictions on movement and access. As controls on movement became more entrenched following the second intifada, a massive economic decline ensued, leading to a drop in male employment and real wages resulting from job losses in Israel, and a corresponding rise in unemployment. This same period also witnessed a sharp rise in both covert and overt forms of violence. Israeli military incursions, detentions, manned checkpoints, home demolitions, the separation barrier, and the Palestinians' own response spun a web of violence in public and private that touched the everyday lives of all Palestinians. The violence resulting from the occupation has led to loss of life, land, property, and free movement of people, and has fragmented social space, a key source of material and moral support especially for women. With neither Israeli nor Palestinian legal systems able to provide defense or protection, these momentous changes in people's everyday lives created a sense of collapse of the public, social, and moral order against this backdrop, the effects on Palestinian society have been extensive and far reaching, on relations between men and women, on intergenerational relations between the young and the old, on ties of kinship, and on social networks. This study, through qualitative sources, provides insights to a chain of events that have and are moderating social behavior and gender relations associated with work. The study also captures what the deteriorating situation has meant for Palestinian females and males of all ages in terms of their economic engagement, their ability to seek alternate livelihoods, their coping strategies, their social and human investments, and their future aspirations.

Palabras clave

ABUSE, ACCESS FOR WOMEN, ACCESS TO SERVICES, ADULT MEN, AGE AT MARRIAGE, AGE OF MARRIAGE, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, AVERAGE WAGES, BABY, BOTH SEXES, CITIZENS, CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS, CIVIL WAR, CLERKS, DEMOGRAPHIC GROWTH, DISCRIMINATION, DISCRIMINATORY LAWS, DIVORCE, DOMESTIC ABUSE, DOMESTIC VIOLENCE, DOMESTIC WORKERS, EARLY CHILDHOOD, EARNING, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC NEEDS, ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES, ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY, ECONOMIC STATUS, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS, ELDERLY, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITIES, EQUAL STATUS, EXPORT-ORIENTED INDUSTRY, FAMILY INCOME, FAMILY LAW, FAMILY MEMBERS, FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS, FEMALE CHILDREN, FEMALE EMPLOYMENT, FEMALE LABOR, FEMALE LABOR FORCE, FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION, FERTILITY, FERTILITY RATE, FERTILITY RATES, FINDING EMPLOYMENT, FINDING JOBS, FINDING WORK, FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS, FORMS OF VIOLENCE, GAINFUL EMPLOYMENT, GENDER, GENDER DIMENSION, GENDER DIMENSIONS, GENDER DISPARITY, GENDER GAP, GENDER GAP IN EDUCATION, GENDER INEQUALITIES, GENDER NEUTRAL, GENDER PARITY, GENDER PERSPECTIVE, GENDER RELATIONS, GENDER ROLES, GIRLS, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, HEALTH FACILITIES, HEALTH INSURANCE, HIGH FERTILITY RATE, HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATION, HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT, HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSEHOLD LEVEL, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, HUMAN RIGHTS, HUMAN RIGHTS ORGANIZATIONS, HUMANITARIAN AFFAIRS, HUSBANDS, IMPACT OF CONFLICT, IMPACT OF VIOLENCE, INFORMAL ECONOMY, INFORMAL LABOR MARKET, INFORMAL SECTOR, INHERITANCE, INSURANCE SCHEMES, INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY, INTERNATIONAL LAW, INVESTMENT IN EDUCATION, JOB CREATION, JOB LOSSES, JOB OPPORTUNITIES, KINSHIP, LABOR FORCE, LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION, LABOR LAW, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MARKETS, LABOR SUPPLY, LABORERS, LABOUR, LABOUR ORGANIZATION, LEGAL RIGHTS, LEGISLATORS, LEVELS OF EDUCATION, LOCAL ECONOMY, LOWER-STATUS JOBS, MALE PARTICIPATION, MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY, MARRIAGES, MARRIED WOMEN, MATERNITY LEAVE, MEDICAL CARE, MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS, MINISTRY OF WOMEN, MORAL SUPPORT, MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE, NATIONAL GOVERNMENT, NATURAL RESOURCES, NATURE OF WOMEN, NUMBER OF WOMEN, NURSES, OCCUPATION, OCCUPATIONS, OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN, PALESTINIAN TERRITORY, PAYING JOBS, PEACE, PERSONAL STATUS LAWS, PHYSICAL ABUSE, POLICY MAKERS, POLICY RESEARCH, POLITICAL PROCESS, POLYGAMY, POPULATION AGE STRUCTURE, PRESENT STUDY, PRIMARY EDUCATION, PRIMARY SCHOOL, PRIVATE SECTOR, PRIVATE SECTOR ACTIVITY, PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIES, PROGRESS, PUBLIC DEBATE, PUBLIC INFORMATION, PUBLIC SECTOR EMPLOYEES, PUBLIC SECTOR JOBS, PUBLIC SPHERE, PURCHASING POWER, REAL WAGES, REFUGEE, REFUGEE CAMPS, REGULAR EMPLOYMENT, REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS, REMITTANCES, REPRODUCTIVE ROLES, RESPECT, RIGHTS ORGANIZATIONS, RULE OF LAW, RURAL AREAS, SAFETY NET, SAFETY NETS, SCHOOL ENROLMENT, SCHOOL STUDENTS, SEASONAL WORKERS, SECRETARIES, SELF-CONFIDENCE, SELF-ESTEEM, SERVANTS, SERVICE SECTOR, SEX, SMALL BUSINESSES, SOCIAL AFFAIRS, SOCIAL COHESION, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL DIMENSION, SOCIAL FACTORS, SOCIAL ISOLATION, SOCIAL POLICY, SOCIAL TENSIONS, SOVEREIGNTY, SPILLOVER, SURVIVAL STRATEGIES, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, TEMPORARY WORK, TERTIARY EDUCATION, TRADE UNIONS, TRANSPORTATION, TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER, UNEMPLOYED, UNEMPLOYMENT, UNEMPLOYMENT DURATION, UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, UNFPA, UNITED NATIONS, UNITED NATIONS POPULATION FUND, UNIVERSITY EDUCATION, UNMARRIED WOMEN, UNPAID FAMILY WORKERS, UNSKILLED JOBS, UNSKILLED MEN, URBAN DEVELOPMENT, VICTIMS, VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN, VOCATIONAL EDUCATION, VOCATIONAL SCHOOL, VULNERABILITY, WAR, WATER RESOURCES, WOMAN, WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS, WOMEN IN AGRICULTURE, WOMEN WORKERS, WORK FORCE, WORKERS, WORKFORCE, WORKING POPULATION, WORKING WOMEN, WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, YOUNG AGE, YOUNG MEN, YOUNG WOMEN, YOUTH EMPLOYMENT