State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2014

Kossoy, Alexandre; Oppermann, Klaus; Platonova-Oquab, Alexandrina; Suphachalasai, Suphachol; Höhne, Niklas; Klein, Noémie; Gilbert, Alyssa; Lam, Long; Toop, Gemma; Wu, Qian; Hagemann, Markus; Casanova-Allende, Carlos; Li, Lina; Borkent, Bram; Warnecke, Carsten; Wong, Lindee

State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2014

Autores

Kossoy, Alexandre

Oppermann, Klaus

Platonova-Oquab, Alexandrina

Suphachalasai, Suphachol

Editor

Washington, DC: World Bank

Descripción

This report follows the evolution of carbon pricing around the world. Last year's report mapped the main carbon pricing initiatives. This year the report presents the status of each of these developing initiatives and explores the emerging trends of carbon pricing. The focus is on the recent highlights from around the world and on key lessons that can be drawn from the growing experience. Despite the difficult ongoing international climate negotiations, there is an increased focus on climate change policy and several economies are planning, implementing or refining domestic mitigation actions. These activities take careful note of past experiences, mirroring successes and dealing with weaknesses. About 40 national and over 20 sub-national jurisdictions are putting a price on carbon. Together these carbon pricing instruments cover almost 6 gigatons of carbon dioxide equivalent (GtCO2e), or about 12 percent of the annual global GHG emissions. Cooperation remains a key feature of success The international market has been struggling for some time. However, the current spate of domestic action has been buoyed by growing cooperation among regional, national and sub-national stakeholders. Piloting and scaling up carbon pricing on an international level and increasing climate finance through market-based mechanisms is an important first step. The next challenge will be to create a product that is greater than the sum of its parts by converting fragmented initiatives into internationally integrated carbon pricing approaches.

Palabras clave

ABATEMENT COSTS, ACID, ACID PRODUCTION, AIR, AIR POLLUTION, AIR RESOURCES, AIR TRANSPORT, ALLOCATION, ALLOWANCE, ALLOWANCE PRICE, ANNUAL EMISSIONS, ASSET VALUE, AUCTION, AVERAGE PRICE, CALCULATION, CARBON, CARBON ALLOWANCES, CARBON CAPTURE, CARBON CONTENT, CARBON CREDIT, CARBON DIOXIDE, CARBON DIOXIDE EQUIVALENT, CARBON EMISSION, CARBON LEAKAGE, CARBON MARKET, CARBON MARKET ANALYST, CARBON MARKET DEVELOPMENT, CARBON MARKETS, CARBON OFFSET, CARBON PRICE, CARBON PRICES, CARBON PRICING, CARBON SINKS, CARBON TAX, CARBON TAXES, CARBON TECHNOLOGIES, CARBON UNITS, CERTIFICATE TRADING, CERTIFIED EMISSION REDUCTION, CERTIFIED EMISSION REDUCTIONS, CH4, CHARCOAL PRODUCTION, CLEAN DEVELOPMENT, CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM, CLEAN TECHNOLOGIES, CLEAN TECHNOLOGY, CLIMATE, CLIMATE ACTION, CLIMATE CHANGE, CLIMATE CHANGE AGREEMENT, CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION, CLIMATE CHANGE POLICIES, CLIMATE CHANGE POLICY, CLIMATE POLICY, CLIMATE PROBLEM, CLIMATE STABILIZATION, CLIMATE SYSTEMS, CO, CO2, COAL, COLORS, COMBATING CLIMATE CHANGE, COMBUSTION, COMPENSATION SCHEMES, CONSERVATION, CONSERVATION OF FORESTS, CONVERGENCE, DAMAGES, DIOXIDE CARBON, DNA, DOMESTIC CARBON, DOMESTIC EMISSIONS, ECONOMIC CONDITIONS, ECONOMIC DECISION MAKING, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC THEORY, ELECTRICITY, ELECTRICITY PRICES, EMISSION, EMISSION FACTORS, EMISSION PERMITS, EMISSION REDUCTION, EMISSION REDUCTION ACTIVITIES, EMISSION REDUCTION GOALS, EMISSION REDUCTION OPPORTUNITIES, EMISSION REDUCTION POTENTIAL, EMISSION REDUCTION PROGRAMS, EMISSION REDUCTION TARGET, EMISSION REDUCTION TARGETS, EMISSION REDUCTION UNIT, EMISSION REDUCTION UNITS, EMISSION REDUCTIONS, EMISSION REDUCTIONS PURCHASE AGREEMENT, EMISSION TRADING, EMISSIONS, EMISSIONS ABATEMENT, EMISSIONS FROM DEFORESTATION, EMISSIONS PRICES, EMISSIONS REDUCTION, EMISSIONS SCENARIOS, ENERGY EFFICIENCY, ENERGY PRICES, ENERGY TECHNOLOGY, ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT, ENVIRONMENTAL INTEGRITY, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, EXTREME EVENTS, FINANCIAL SECTOR, FOREST, FOREST CARBON, FOREST CARBON STOCKS, FOREST DEGRADATION, FOREST LOSS, FORESTRY, FORESTRY OFFSETS, FOSSIL FUEL, FOSSIL FUELS, FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE, FUEL COMBUSTION, GHG, GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE, GLOBAL EMISSION, GLOBAL EMISSIONS, GLOBAL GREENHOUSE, GLOBAL GREENHOUSE GAS, GREEN TECHNOLOGIES, GREENHOUSE, GREENHOUSE GAS, GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS, GREENHOUSE GAS REDUCTION, GREENHOUSE GASES, HUMAN HEALTH, INCOME, INSTITUTIONAL INVESTORS, INTERNATIONAL CARBON MARKETS, INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE NEGOTIATIONS, INTERNATIONAL CREDITS, INTERNATIONAL EMISSIONS, INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY, INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL SUPPORT, INTERNATIONAL OFFSET, IPCC, LAND USE, LAND-USE CHANGE, LOW-CARBON, LOWER PRICES, MARKET FAILURES, MEMBER STATES, METHANE, MITIGATION ACTIONS, MONETARY FUND, N2O, NATURAL GAS, NEGATIVE IMPACTS, NITROUS OXIDE, OFFSET CREDITS, OFFSET PROJECT, OIL, PERFLUOROCARBON, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, PILOT EMISSIONS, POLICY MAKERS, PORTFOLIO, PRICE OF ALLOWANCES, PRICE SIGNAL, REGIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INITIATIVE, REGULATORY IMPACT ANALYSIS, RENEWABLE ENERGY, SF6, SHADOW PRICE, SOCIAL COST OF CARBON, SPOT MARKET, SULFUR, SULFUR HEXAFLUORIDE, SURPLUS OF ALLOWANCES, SUSTAINABLE FOREST, SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT, TEMPERATURE, TRADE SYSTEM, TRANSACTION COSTS, TROPICAL DEFORESTATION, UNEP, VOLUNTARY AGREEMENTS, VOLUNTARY EMISSION, VOLUNTARY EMISSIONS, WORLD ENERGY, WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK