Review of Effectiveness of Rural Water Supply Schemes in India
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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The prime objective of this study is to
review the effectiveness of rural water supply schemes in
different states in India. A total of 10 states have been
covered in the study: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala,
Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh,
Uttarakhand, and West Bengal. The study explores the extent
to which expenditure on rural water supply has been
effective in providing access to safe water to rural
households in India. This has been assessed in terms of
their reliability and adequacy, affordability, and
sustainability. In addition, the study examines in detail
the capital and Operation and Maintenance (O&M) cost and
the extent of cost recovery in rural water supply schemes.
In order to explore the effectiveness of rural water supply
schemes, the study looks at the extent to which expenditure
on rural water supply under various government programs gets
translated into water supply infrastructure and services.
This is based on an analysis of the flow of funds,
institutional costs, support Organization/non-government
organization (NGO) costs, and other costs associated with
the programs, as well as an assessment of direct and
indirect subsidies for rural water supply. Some of the
questions this study seeks to address are: What are the
coping strategies adopted and coping costs borne by rural
households arising out of the inadequacies/limitations of
the current services? How strong is the household demand for
service improvement, as reflected in their willingness to
pay for improved services? What are affordable payment
levels for improved services?
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO SAFE WATER, ADEQUATE REPRESENTATION, ADEQUATE SUPPLY, AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES, AQUIFERS, ARSENIC, ASSURED WATER SUPPLY, AVAILABILITY OF WATER, BULK SUPPLY, BULK WATER, BULK WATER SUPPLY, CAPACITY BUILDING, CENTRAL GOVERNMENT, COLLECTION EFFICIENCY, COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION, COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS, CONSTRUCTION, CONSUMER SATISFACTION, CONTINGENT VALUATION, COST OF WATER, COST RECOVERY, COST SHARING, CROSS-SUBSIDIES, DOMESTIC CONNECTIONS, DRINKING WATER, DRINKING WATER SUPPLY, ECONOMICS, ECONOMIES OF SCALE, EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS, ENVIRONMENTAL, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, EXCHANGE RATE, EXPENDITURES, EXPLOITATION, GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES, GROUND WATER, GROUNDWATER, GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT, GROUNDWATER QUALITY, HOUSEHOLDS, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, IMPROVING SERVICE DELIVERY, INCOME, INFLATION, LEAST COST, LITERS PER CAPITA PER DAY, LOCAL COMMUNITIES, LOCAL WATER, MONITORING PROGRAM, PAYMENT FOR WATER, PIPED WATER, PIPELINES, POOR WATER QUALITY, POVERTY LINE, PRIVATE OPERATOR, PROGRAMS, PROJECT MANAGEMENT, PROVISION OF WATER, PROVISION OF WATER SUPPLY, PUBLIC HEALTH, PUBLIC UTILITIES, PUBLIC UTILITY, PUBLIC WATER, PUMPING, QUALITY OF SERVICE, QUALITY OF WATER, QUANTITY OF WATER, RECHARGE, RESOURCE USE, RURAL COMMUNITIES, RURAL DRINKING WATER, RURAL WATER, RURAL WATER SCHEMES, RURAL WATER SUPPLY, SAFE DRINKING WATER, SAFE WATER, SAFE WATER COVERAGE, SANITATION COMMITTEE, SERVICE DELIVERY, SERVICE IMPROVEMENT, SERVICE IMPROVEMENTS, SERVICE PROVISION, SURFACE WATER, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, UTILITIES, WATER BOARDS, WATER CHARGES, WATER COLLECTION, WATER CONSERVATION, WATER CONSUMPTION, WATER COVERAGE, WATER DEPARTMENTS, WATER DISTRIBUTION, WATER FACILITIES, WATER HARVESTING, WATER INFRASTRUCTURE, WATER POINTS, WATER PRESSURE, WATER PROVIDERS, WATER QUALITY, WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS, WATER QUALITY STUDY, WATER REQUIREMENTS, WATER SAMPLES, WATER SCHEME, WATER SCHEMES, WATER SECTOR, WATER SERVICES, WATER SOURCE, WATER SOURCES, WATER STORAGE, WATER SUPPLY PROJECTS, WATER SUPPLY SERVICES, WATER USE, WATER UTILITY, WATERSHED, WILLINGNESS TO PAY, WTP