Dietary intake and nutrient adequacies among women of reproductive age in northern Tanzania: A cross-sectional study

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dc.creatorAzupogo, Fusta
dc.creatorArnold, Charles D.
dc.creatorBliznashka, Lilia
dc.creatorMakori, Nyabasi
dc.creatorNjau, Calista N.
dc.creatorMalindisa, Evangelista
dc.creatorJeremiah, Kidola
dc.creatorKinabo, Joyce
dc.creatorOlney, Deanna K.
dc.creatorHess, Sonja Y.
dc.date2026-01
dc.date2025-11-26T16:24:55Z
dc.date2025-11-26T16:24:55Z
dc.date.accessioned2026-06-27T15:45:06Z
dc.descriptionBackground Dietary inadequacies among women of reproductive age (WRA) increase malnutrition and disease risk. Objectives We characterized food group and nutrient inadequacies among WRA in rural Tanzania. Methods Baseline data (collected October 2023–January 2024) from a cluster-randomized controlled trial in Arusha and Kilimanjaro regions were analyzed. Dietary intake among WRA (n = 2594) was assessed using a 24-h dietary recall with the OpenDRS approach. This was repeated in a subsample (n = 520, 20%) to adjust for day-to-day variations in individual intake. The National Cancer Institute method was employed to estimate usual energy and nutrient intakes. Micronutrient adequacy was defined as intake greater than or equal to the harmonized average requirements (H-ARs). The mean probability of adequacy (MPA) was calculated as the average adequacy across 11 micronutrients. Results On average, women were 38.3 ± 6.2 y old; 19% were lactating, and 4% were pregnant. The mean daily energy intake was 2415 kcal/d [95% confidence interval (CI): 1937, 2895], with carbohydrates contributing 62% to daily energy intake. The mean intake of fruit and vegetables (F&V) was 279 g/d (95% CI: 201, 365), of which fruit was 35 g/d (95% CI: 2, 118) and vegetables 245 g/d (95% CI: 168, 328). Staples contributed half of the daily energy intake. About 1% of participants met calcium and vitamin B12 requirements, whereas 42%, 49%, 68%, and 72% met adequacy for vitamin C, folate, zinc, and iron, respectively. Most women met the H-ARs for riboflavin, niacin, thiamine, vitamin B6, and vitamin A. MPA was 65 (±2.3% standard error), with vegetables, pulses, animal-source foods (ASF), and staples being key micronutrient sources. Conclusions Substantial nutrient inadequacies exist among WRA in rural Northern Tanzania due to high cereal intake and low intake of F&V and ASF. Addressing these gaps requires targeted interventions, improved dietary diversity, increased intake of F&V and ASF, and enhanced food security through local production and social safety nets.
dc.identifierhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/178284
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/123456789/113589
dc.languageen
dc.publisherElsevier
dc.rightsOpen Access
dc.sourceAzupogo, Fusta; Arnold, Charles D.; Bliznashka, Lilia; Makori, Nyabasi; Njau, Calista N.; et al. 2026. Dietary intake and nutrient adequacies among women of reproductive age in northern Tanzania: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Nutrition 156(1): 101238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.11.008
dc.subjectdiet
dc.subjectnutrient intake
dc.subjectgender
dc.subjectnutrition
dc.subjectwomen
dc.titleDietary intake and nutrient adequacies among women of reproductive age in northern Tanzania: A cross-sectional study
dc.typeJournal Article

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Instituto Internacional de Investigación sobre Políticas Alimentarias (IFPRI)