Mitigating Climate Change through Restoration and Management of Coastal Wetlands and Near-shore Marine Ecosystems : Challenges and Opportunities
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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There is overwhelming consensus amongst
climate scientists that the Earth's warming in recent
decades has been caused primarily by human activities that
have increased the amount of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the
atmosphere. To mitigate the most serious impacts of climate
change a range of different strategies to lower carbon
dioxide (CO2) concentrations in the atmosphere are required.
Building on outcomes and recommendations from various
coastal carbon activities, this report explains the GHG
dynamics of coastal wetlands and marine ecosystems (chapter
two). The importance of coastal wetland and near-shore
marine ecosystem carbon pools for climate change mitigation
are described in chapter three, with a brief overview of the
status of these systems, including drivers of change and
implications of degradation of carbon pools, provided in
Chapter four. Chapter five gives an overview of policy
opportunities under ongoing United Nation Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) negotiations and
through revision of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC) carbon accounting methodologies and eligible
mitigation activities for developing as well as developed
countries. The main recommendations for action are
summarized in chapter six.
Palabras clave
ACID, AFFORESTATION, AGRICULTURAL LAND, AGRICULTURE, AIR, AIR POLLUTION, AMMONIA, ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS, ANNUAL LOSS, ANTHROPOGENIC EMISSIONS, ATMOSPHERE, BACTERIA, BAY, BEACH, BIODIVERSITY, BIOLOGICAL CARBON SEQUESTRATION, BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY, BIOMASS, BIRDS, BRACKISH MARSHES, BRACKISH WETLANDS, BURIED SEDIMENTS, CARBON ACCOUNTING, CARBON ACCUMULATION, CARBON BALANCE, CARBON BUDGET, CARBON CONTENT, CARBON CYCLE, CARBON DIOXIDE, CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS, CARBON EMISSIONS, CARBON FLOWS, CARBON IN SOILS, CARBON LOSS, CARBON LOSSES, CARBON MARKETS, CARBON OFFSET, CARBON POOL, CARBON POOLS, CARBON PRICES, CARBON RELEASE, CARBON SEQUESTRATION, CARBON SEQUESTRATION CAPACITY, CARBON SINKS, CARBON STOCK, CARBON STOCKS, CARBON STORAGE, CARBON STORES, CASE STUDIES, CH4, CLIMATE, CLIMATE CHANGE, CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION, CO, CO2, CO2 FLUX, COAST, COASTAL AREAS, COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS, COASTAL LOWLANDS, COASTAL WETLAND SYSTEMS, COASTAL WETLANDS, COASTS, COMMERCIAL FISHERIES, CONSERVATION, CONTINENTAL SHELF, CORAL REEFS, CROPLAND, CURRENTS, DATA COLLECTION, DEGRADED AREAS, DEGRADED ECOSYSTEMS, DEGRADING WATER QUALITY, DENITRIFICATION, DIVERGENCE, DRAINAGE, DREDGING, DRY WEIGHT, ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS, ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY, ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES, ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, ECOSYSTEM, ECOSYSTEM CARBON, ECOSYSTEMS, EMISSION, EMISSION ESTIMATES, EMISSION REDUCTION, EMISSION REDUCTION OBLIGATIONS, EMISSIONS, EMISSIONS ESTIMATES, EMISSIONS FROM DEFORESTATION, EMISSIONS FROM SOURCES, EMISSIONS INVENTORIES, EMISSIONS REDUCTION, EROSION, ESTIMATES OF EMISSIONS, ESTUARIES, ESTUARINE, ESTUARINE WATERS, EUTROPHICATION, FISH, FISHERIES, FLOOD CONTROL, FLOODING, FOOD PRODUCTION, FOREST, FOREST AREA, FOREST CARBON, FOREST CARBON STOCK, FOREST CARBON STOCKS, FOREST DEGRADATION, FOREST MANAGEMENT, FOREST RESTORATION, FOREST SECTOR, FOREST TYPES, FORESTED WETLANDS, FORESTRY, FORESTRY ACTIVITIES, FORESTS, FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE, FRESHWATER, FRESHWATER SYSTEMS, FRESHWATER WETLANDS, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, GHG, GHGS, GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE, GRASSLANDS, GREENHOUSE, GREENHOUSE GAS, GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS, GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIES, GREENHOUSE GASES, HABITAT TYPES, HABITATS, HEAVY METALS, HOUSING, HUMAN ACTIVITIES, HYDROLOGY, INTERTIDAL WETLANDS, IPCC, IRON, LAND SUBSIDENCE, LAND USE, LAND USE CHANGE, LAND USES, LANDFILL, LOW-CARBON, MANAGED FORESTS, MANAGED WETLANDS, MANGROVE FOREST, MANGROVE FORESTS, MANGROVES, MARINE ENVIRONMENTS, MARSH, MEADOWS, METHANE, METHANE EMISSIONS, METHANE PRODUCTION, MITIGATION, MONTREAL PROTOCOL, N2O, NATIVE SPECIES, NATURAL WETLAND, NATURAL WETLANDS, NITRATE, NITRIFICATION, NITRITE, NITROGEN, NITROUS OXIDE, NON-NATIVE SPECIES, NUTRIENT CYCLING, NUTRIENTS, OCEANS, OIL PALM, ORGANIC CARBON, ORGANIC MATERIAL, ORGANIC MATTER, ORGANIC SOILS, OXIDATION, OXYGEN, PARTICULATE, PEAT, PEAT SOILS, PLANTATIONS, POLLUTANTS, PRESERVATION, QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS, RANGES, RESERVOIRS, RESTORATION, RESTORATION ACTIVITIES, RESTORATION PROJECTS, RESTORATION ACTIONS, RIVER, RUNOFF, SALINITY, SALT MARSH, SALT MARSH VEGETATION, SALT MARSHES, SATELLITE IMAGES, SATURATED SOIL, SATURATED SOIL CONDITIONS, SATURATED SOILS, SEA LEVEL RISE, SEA WATER, SEAGRASS BEDS, SEAGRASS HABITATS, SEAGRASSES, SEDIMENT, SEDIMENTS, SHORE, SHORELINES, SINK, SOIL CARBON, SPECIES, SULPHATE, SULPHURIC ACID, SURFACE CARBON, SUSPENDED SEDIMENT, SUSPENDED SEDIMENTS, SWAMPS, TERM RESTORATION, TIDAL FLATS, TIDAL MARSH, TIDAL MARSHES, TIDAL WETLAND, TIDAL WETLANDS, UNEP, VEGETATION, WATER TABLE, WETLAND, WETLAND CONVERSION, WETLAND CREATION, WETLAND DISTRIBUTION, WETLAND DRAINAGE, WETLAND LOSS, WETLAND MANAGEMENT, WETLAND MANAGERS, WETLAND RESTORATION, WETLAND SOIL, WETLAND SOILS, WETLAND TYPES, WETLANDS LOSS, WETLANDS MANAGEMENT, WETLANDS RESTORATION, WILDLIFE, WIND