Timing and Duration of Exposure in Evaluations of Social Programs
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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Impact evaluations aim to measure the
outcomes that can be attributed to a specific policy or
intervention. Although there have been excellent reviews of
the different methods that an evaluator can choose in order
to estimate impact, there has not been sufficient attention
given to questions related to timing: How long after a
program has begun should one wait before evaluating it? How
long should treatment groups be exposed to a program before
they can be expected to benefit from it? Are there
important time patterns in a program's impact? Many
impact evaluations assume that interventions occur at
specified launch dates and produce equal and constant
changes in conditions among eligible beneficiary groups; but
there are many reasons why this generally is not the case.
This paper examines the evaluation issues related to timing
and discusses the sources of variation in the duration of
exposure within programs and their implications for impact
estimates. It reviews the evidence from careful evaluations
of programs (with a focus on developing countries) on the
ways that duration affects impacts.
Palabras clave
ACCUMULATION OF KNOWLEDGE, AGE RANGES, AGED, AUTONOMOUS SCHOOLS PROGRAM, BENEFICIARIES, BENEFITS FOR CHILDREN, CHILD DEVELOPMENT, CHILD NUTRITION, CLINICS, COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT, COGNITIVE STIMULATION, COLLABORATION, COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION, COMPARATIVE EDUCATION, COMPLETION RATES, COMPREHENSIVE EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT, CONTROL GROUPS, COUNTERFACTUAL, CRIME, CULTURAL CHANGE, DROPOUT RATES, EARLY CHILDHOOD, EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT, EDUCATION REFORMS, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, ENROLLMENT, ENROLLMENT RATE, EVALUATION METHODS, EVALUATION OF EDUCATION, EXERCISES, FAMILIES, FAMILY PLANNING, FORMAL TRAINING, GIRLS, HEAD START, HEALTH CARE, HEALTH INTERVENTIONS, HEALTH OUTCOMES, HEALTH SERVICES, HIGH SCHOOL, HOSPITALS, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, HYGIENE, IMMUNIZATION, IMPACT ASSESSMENT, IMPACT EVALUATION, INCOME, INFORMATION CAMPAIGNS, INSTRUCTION, INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, INTERVENTION, INTERVENTIONS, LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT, LEARNING, LEVEL OF ACHIEVEMENT, LITERACY, LONGITUDINAL DATA, MASS MEDIA, MEDICINES, MENTAL DEVELOPMENT, MIGRATION, MONITORING DATA, NGO, NUMERACY, NUTRITION, NUTRITION PROGRAM, NUTRITIONAL INTAKE, NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS, OLDER CHILDREN, POPULATION STUDIES, PREGNANCY, PRESCHOOL EDUCATION, PRIMARY SCHOOL, PRIMARY SCHOOL AGE, PRIMARY SCHOOL COMPLETION, PRIMARY SCHOOL FEEDING PROGRAMS, PRIMARY SCHOOLS, PRIMARY-SCHOOL, PRIMARY-SCHOOL-AGE, PRIMARY-SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN, PRIVATE SCHOOLING, PROGRAM IMPACTS, PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION, PROJECT EVALUATION, PUBLIC SCHOOLS, QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS, READING, SCHOOL AUTONOMY, SCHOOL CONSTRUCTION, SCHOOL DIRECTORS, SCHOOL ENROLLMENT, SCHOOL FEEDING, SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT, SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT PLAN, SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM, SCHOOL MANAGEMENT, SCHOOL PERSONNEL, SCHOOL QUALITY, SCHOOL YEAR, SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN, SCHOOLING, SCHOOLS, SECONDARY EDUCATION, SECONDARY SCHOOL, SELECTION BIAS, SIBLINGS, SKILL DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL LEARNING, SOCIAL NETWORKS, SOCIAL POLICIES, SOCIAL SERVICES, STATISTICAL ANALYSIS, TARGETING, TEACHER, TEACHER TRAINING, TEACHERS, TECHNICAL QUALITY, TEXTBOOKS, TRAINEES, TRAINING ACTIVITIES, TRAINING PROGRAMS, TREATMENT EFFECTS, TREATMENT GROUPS, VACCINATION, VILLAGE EDUCATION, VILLAGE EDUCATION COMMITTEE, WORKERS