Gender Dimensions of Child Labor and Street Children in Brazil
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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The authors review child labor and the
situation of street children in Brazil from a gender
perspective. Relying primarily on Brazil's national
household survey for 1996, the authors examine various
dimensions of child labor by gender, including
participation, intensity, and type of activities; the
relationship between child labor, education, and future
earnings; and the risks of child labor to health and
well-being. They also summarize approaches to prevent and
eliminate child labor and street children in Brazil. The
authors find that more boys than girls work in Brazil
especially in rural areas where boys are concentrated in the
agricultural sector, that many children both work and attend
school, and that girls attain higher levels of education
than boys on average, even when considering number of hours
worked. The exception is the 11-14 category. They also find
that an individual's earnings are correlated with age
of entry into the labor market. The earlier a child begins
to work, the lower his or her earnings. And girls are more
adversely affected by early labor force entry than boys,
with the gender differential increasing the earlier a child
begins to work. Taking poverty as the primary contributor to
child labor, government programs to combat child labor are
well designed in that they compensate families for a
child's foregone earnings and address family factors
that lead to poverty. However, programs could be improved by
explicitly considering the gender dimensions of child labor.
The authors point to the need for analysis of the impact of
child labor on health, and specifically to the gender and
sex-differentiated impacts. They suggest the need to address
gender in intervention strategies for street children, as
well as research on child labor in domestic service where
girls are overrepresented.
Palabras clave
ABUSE, ACCIDENTS, ACCOUNT, ADOLESCENT, ADOLESCENTS, ADULTHOOD, ARMED CONFLICT, ASBESTOS, BEGGING, CHILD LABOR, CHILD WAGES, CHILDREN IN THE STREET, CHILDREN UNDER AGE, CIVIL SOCIETY, COMMUNICABLE DISEASES, CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD, DEBT BONDAGE, DIGNITY, DISCRIMINATION, DOMESTIC CHORES, DOMESTIC LABOR, DOMESTIC SERVICE, DOMESTIC WORKERS, DRUG TRAFFICKING, DRUGS, ELIMINATION OF CHILD LABOR, EMPLOYMENT, FAMILIES, GIRLS, HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES, INJURIES, INTERVENTION, INVESTIGATION, ISOLATION, LIFTING, LIVING CONDITIONS, MENTAL HEALTH, MORAL DEVELOPMENT, MORBIDITY, MORTALITY, OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES, PARENTS, PORNOGRAPHIC PERFORMANCES, PRIMARY SCHOOL, PROFESSIONAL TRAINING, PROSTITUTION, PROTECTION OF CHILDREN, PUBLIC HEALTH, RIGHTS OF CHILDREN, RISK OF ACCIDENTS, RISK OF EXPOSURE, RURAL BOYS, RURAL GIRLS, SAFETY, SCHOOLS, SEX, SEXUAL COERCION, SEXUAL HARASSMENT, SIBLINGS, SLAVERY, SOCIAL NORMS, STREET CHILDREN, TOBACCO, TREATIES, VIOLENCE, WAGES, WORKING CHILDREN, WORKING CONDITIONS, YOUTH, YOUTH POPULATION CHILD LABOR LAWS, STREET CHILDREN, GENDER ISSUES, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, EDUCATIONAL LEVEL, LABOR MARKET CHARACTERISTICS, GENDER DIFFERENCES, GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS, HEALTH IMPACTS, SEX DIFFERENCES, DRUG TRAFFIC, PROSTITUTION, STREET VENDORS, SEX DISTRIBUTION, COLLECTION ACTIVITIES, SCHOOL ENROLLMENT, EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT, CONSTRUCTION, MINIMUM INCOME, TARGETED ASSISTANCE, PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS, HAZARDOUS ACTIVITIES, INTERVENTION STRATEGIES, YOUTH POPULATION, CHILD LABOR LAWS