Yemen - Development Policy Review
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Washington, DC
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Yemen is the second poorest country in
the Middle East and North Africa region, with 42 percent of
its population counted as poor in 1998. GDP has stagnated at
around US$530 per capita in real terms since 2002.
Unemployment, estimated at 11.5 percent in 1999, is expected
to have worsened as the population has climbed at 3 percent
a year and the labor force has burgeoned. Extreme gender
inequalities persist. Malnutrition is so severe that Yemeni
children suffer the world's second worst stunting in
growth. And natural resources are increasingly constrained.
Two-thirds of Yemen's known oil reserves were depleted
by 2003, and production has already begun to decline and
will plummet by 2012 if no new reserves are discovered.
Freshwater is also increasingly scarce: per capita
availability in Yemen is about 2 percent of the world
average and projected to diminish by a third in the next 20
years because of the expected increase in population.
Compounding these economic, social, and resource problems
are Yemen's policy and institutional failings, which
have prompted donors to cut aid. Yemen received a meager
US$13 in development assistance per capita in 2004. In 2005,
the Development Assistance Committee cut International
Development Association (IDA) 14 (2006-08) allocations to
Yemen by nearly a third, and the U.S. government's
Millennium Challenge Corporation suspended Yemen's
eligibility for assistance because of its worsening
corruption, regulatory quality, and fiscal policies. The
main challenges to Yemen's growth are the impending
rapid decline in oil revenues, the weak capacity of
governance institutions, the pressures of high population
growth, and the worsening scarcity of freshwater. The
country has yet to come to grips with the imminent oil
decline and its consequences. The Government is concerned
about governance problems and is recently attempting to
speed up reforms. The last two challenges-high population
growth and water crisis- are long recognized by the
government, but reforms have been slow.
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO EDUCATION, ADULT EDUCATION, ADULT LITERACY, ARMED CONFLICT, BASIC EDUCATION, BASIC SOCIAL SERVICES, BOTH SEXES, BULLETIN, BUREAUCRATIC QUALITY, CERTIFIED MIDWIFE, CHILD MORTALITY, CHILDREN PER WOMAN, CITIZENS, CIVIL SOCIETY, CIVIL WAR, CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE, CONTRACEPTIVE USE, CORRUPTION, CRIME, DEMOCRACY, DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS, DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION, DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS, DEPENDENCY RATIO, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, DISCRIMINATION, DROPOUT, EARLY MARRIAGE, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC POLICIES, ECONOMIC REFORMS, EDUCATED WOMEN, EDUCATION OF GIRLS, EFFECTIVE GOVERNANCE, ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES, FAMILY HEALTH, FAMILY PLANNING, FEMALE ADULT ILLITERACY, FEMALE LITERACY, FERTILITY, FERTILITY CONTROL, FERTILITY DECLINE, FERTILITY RATE, FIGHTING CORRUPTION, FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, FOREIGN AID, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT, FOREIGN EXCHANGE, FOREIGN POLICY, GENDER GAP, GENDER INEQUALITIES, GENDER INEQUALITY, GENDER PARITY, GOOD GOVERNANCE, GOVERNANCE COMPONENTS, GOVERNANCE INDICATORS, GOVERNANCE INSTITUTIONS, GOVERNANCE PROBLEMS, GOVERNANCE QUALITY, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, GOVERNMENT EFFECTIVENESS, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, GROUNDWATER, GROWTH RATE, HEALTH CARE, HEALTH CARE SYSTEM, HEALTH POLICIES, HEALTH SECTOR, HEALTH SERVICES, HIGH POPULATION GROWTH, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, ILLNESSES, IMMUNIZATIONS, INCIDENCE OF POVERTY, INEQUITIES, INFANT, INFANT MORTALITY, INFANT MORTALITY RATE, INFECTIOUS DISEASES, INFORMATION CAMPAIGNS, INFORMATION SYSTEM, INSTITUTIONAL QUALITY, INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS, INTERNAL CONFLICTS, INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, INTERNATIONAL LEVELS, INVESTMENT CLIMATE, JUDICIAL INDEPENDENCE, KINSHIP, LABOR FORCE, LAND TENURE, LEGAL SYSTEMS, LIFE EXPECTANCY, LIMITED RESOURCES, LIVE BIRTHS, LOCAL BUSINESS, LOCAL DEVELOPMENT, LOWER BIRTH RATES, MACROECONOMIC MANAGEMENT, MACROECONOMIC STABILITY, MACROECONOMIC STABILIZATION, MALARIA, MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS, MATERNAL HEALTH, MATERNAL MORTALITY, MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE, MIGRANT, MIGRANT WORKERS, MILLENNIUM CHALLENGE, MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS, MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, MINISTRY OF POPULATION, MODERNIZATION, NATIONAL POPULATION, NATIONAL POPULATION COUNCIL, NATIONAL POPULATION POLICY, NATIONAL STRATEGY, NATURAL RESOURCE, NATURAL RESOURCES, NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS, ORAL REHYDRATION SOLUTION, PARLIAMENTARY SEATS, PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN, PEACE, PER CAPITA INCOME, POLITICAL COMMITMENT, POLITICAL ECONOMY, POLITICAL FREEDOMS, POLITICAL INSTABILITY, POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, POLITICAL LEADERSHIP, POLITICAL PARTIES, POLITICAL POWER, POLITICAL RIGHTS, POLITICAL SUPPORT, POOR GOVERNANCE, POOR PEOPLE, POPULATION ACTION, POPULATION POLICIES, POPULATION POLICY, POVERTY REDUCTION, POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY, PREGNANCIES, PREGNANCY, PROGRESS, PROPERTY RIGHTS, PUBLIC ACCOUNTABILITY, PUBLIC GOVERNANCE, PUBLIC HEALTH, PUBLIC POLICY, PUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEMENT, PUBLIC SERVICE, PUBLIC SERVICES, REDUCING MATERNAL MORTALITY, REGULATORY QUALITY, REGULATORY REGIMES, RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS, REMITTANCE, REMITTANCES, REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH, REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH CARE, RESOURCE DEPLETION, RULE OF LAW, RURAL AREAS, RURAL GIRLS, RURAL GROWTH, RURAL POVERTY, SAFE DRINKING WATER, SANITATION, SCARCE RESOURCES, SCHOOL AGE, SECONDARY EDUCATION, SECONDARY SCHOOL, SERVICE DELIVERY, SERVICE DELIVERY POINTS, SLOWING POPULATION GROWTH, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL OUTCOMES, SOCIAL POLICIES, SOCIAL PROGRESS, SPILLOVER, SUSTAINABLE ACCESS, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT, TAX REVENUES, TRADITIONAL LIVELIHOOD, TRANSPARENCY, TUBERCULOSIS, UNEMPLOYMENT, UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION, URBAN AREAS, URBAN CENTERS, URBAN POVERTY, URBANIZATION, WATER RESOURCES, WOMAN, WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, YOUNG MEN, YOUNG WOMEN, YOUTH