Community-Based and Driven Development: A Critical Review

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dc.creatorMansuri, Ghazala
dc.creatorRao, Vijayendra
dc.date2013-07-01T17:24:30Z
dc.date2013-07-01T17:24:30Z
dc.date2004-02
dc.date.accessioned2026-07-01T01:25:45Z
dc.descriptionCommunity-based (and driven) development (CBD/CDD) projects have become an important form of development assistance, with the World Bank's portfolio alone approximating 7 billion dollars. The authors review the conceptual foundations of CBD/CDD initiatives. Given the importance of the topic, there are, unfortunately, a dearth of well-designed evaluations of such projects. But there is enough quantitative and qualitative evidence from studies that have either been published in peer-reviewed publications or have been conducted by independent researchers to glean some instructive lessons. The authors find that projects that rely on community participation have not been particularly effective at targeting the poor. There is some evidence that CBD/CDD projects create effective community infrastructure, but not a single study establishes a causal relationship between any outcome and participatory elements of a CBD project. Most CBD projects are dominated by elites and, in general, the targeting of poor communities as well as project quality tend to be markedly worse in more unequal communities. However, a number of studies find a U-shaped relationship between inequality and project outcomes. The authors also find that a distinction between potentially "benevolent" forms of elite domination and more pernicious types of "capture" is likely to be important for understanding project dynamics and outcomes. Several qualitative studies indicate that the sustainability of CBD initiatives depends crucially on an enabling institutional environment, which requires upward commitment. Equally, the literature indicates that community leaders need to be downwardly accountable to avoid a variant of "supply-driven demand-driven development." Qualitative evidence also suggests that external agents strongly influence project success. However, facilitators are often poorly trained and inexperienced, particularly when programs are rapidly scaled up. Overall, a naive application of complex contextual concepts like "participation," "social capital," and "empowerment" is endemic among project implementers and contributes to poor design and implementation. In sum, the evidence suggests that CBD/CDD is best done in a context-specific manner, with a long time-horizon, and with careful and well-designed monitoring and evaluation systems.
dc.formatapplication/pdf
dc.formattext/plain
dc.identifierhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2004/02/3889852/community-based-driven-development-critical-review
dc.identifierhttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/14310
dc.identifierhttps://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-3209
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/123456789/418009
dc.languageEnglish
dc.languageen_US
dc.publisherWorld Bank, Washington, D.C.
dc.relationPolicy Research Working Paper;No.3209
dc.rightsCC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rightshttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/
dc.rightsWorld Bank
dc.subjectCOMMUNITY BASED DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectCOMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT
dc.subjectCOMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
dc.subjectPOOR COMMUNITIES
dc.subjectCOMMUNITY LEADERS
dc.subjectSOCIAL CAPITAL
dc.subjectPOVERTY MITIGATION AID
dc.subjectANTIPOVERTY PROGRAM
dc.subjectANTIPOVERTY PROGRAMS
dc.subjectBENEFICIARIES
dc.subjectCAPACITY BUILDING
dc.subjectCASE STUDIES
dc.subjectCASE STUDY
dc.subjectCENSUS DATA
dc.subjectCLINICS
dc.subjectCOMMON PROPERTY RESOURCES
dc.subjectCOMMUNITIES
dc.subjectCOMMUNITY
dc.subjectCOMMUNITY CAPACITY
dc.subjectCOMMUNITY DEMAND
dc.subjectCOMMUNITY GROUPS
dc.subjectCOMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE
dc.subjectCOMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT
dc.subjectCOMMUNITY LEADERS
dc.subjectCOMMUNITY LEVEL
dc.subjectCOMMUNITY MEMBERS
dc.subjectCOMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
dc.subjectCOMMUNITY SUPPORT
dc.subjectCORRUPTION
dc.subjectDECISIONMAKING
dc.subjectDEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES
dc.subjectDEVELOPMENT AGENCIES
dc.subjectDEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE
dc.subjectDEVELOPMENT FUNDS
dc.subjectDEVELOPMENT INSTITUTIONS
dc.subjectDEVELOPMENT ISSUES
dc.subjectDEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATIONS
dc.subjectDEVELOPMENT POLICY
dc.subjectDEVELOPMENT PRACTICE
dc.subjectDEVELOPMENT PRACTITIONERS
dc.subjectDEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS
dc.subjectDEVELOPMENT PROJECTS
dc.subjectDEVELOPMENT RESEARCH
dc.subjectECONOMIC GROWTH
dc.subjectECONOMICS
dc.subjectECONOMISTS
dc.subjectELIGIBILITY CRITERIA
dc.subjectEMPOWERMENT
dc.subjectENABLING ENVIRONMENT
dc.subjectEXPENDITURES
dc.subjectFACILITATORS
dc.subjectFOOD POLICY RESEARCH
dc.subjectGAPS
dc.subjectGEOGRAPHIC SPREAD
dc.subjectGEOGRAPHIC TARGETING
dc.subjectGROUP DISCUSSIONS
dc.subjectHUMAN CAPITAL
dc.subjectIMPLEMENTATION AGENCIES
dc.subjectINFORMATION PROBLEMS
dc.subjectINSTITUTION BUILDING
dc.subjectINSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectLOCAL GOVERNMENTS
dc.subjectLOCAL INEQUALITY
dc.subjectLOCAL INSTITUTIONS
dc.subjectLOCAL LEVEL
dc.subjectLOCAL MANAGEMENT
dc.subjectLOCAL OFFICIALS
dc.subjectMARGINALIZED GROUPS
dc.subjectMATERIAL WELL-BEING
dc.subjectMODERNIZATION
dc.subjectMONITORING TOOLS
dc.subjectNEIGHBORHOOD
dc.subjectNEIGHBORHOODS
dc.subjectNONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
dc.subjectNUTRITION
dc.subjectPARTICIPANT OBSERVATION
dc.subjectPARTICIPATORY APPROACHES
dc.subjectPARTICIPATORY PLANNING
dc.subjectPARTICIPATORY PLANNING EXERCISES
dc.subjectPARTICIPATORY PROJECTS
dc.subjectPARTICIPATORY STRATEGIES
dc.subjectPOLICY RESEARCH
dc.subjectPOLITICAL CONTEXT
dc.subjectPOOL RESOURCES
dc.subjectPOOR AREAS
dc.subjectPOOR COMMUNITIES
dc.subjectPOOR HOUSEHOLDS
dc.subjectPOOR PEOPLE
dc.subjectPOVERTY IMPACTS
dc.subjectPOVERTY REDUCTION
dc.subjectPOVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY
dc.subjectPOVERTY TARGETING
dc.subjectPRIMARY SCHOOL
dc.subjectPRIORITIES
dc.subjectPROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION
dc.subjectPROJECT BENEFICIARIES
dc.subjectPROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
dc.subjectPROJECT MONITORING
dc.subjectPUBLIC SECTOR
dc.subjectPUBLIC SERVICES
dc.subjectRESEARCH INSTITUTE
dc.subjectRURAL AREAS
dc.subjectRURAL POOR
dc.subjectSELECTION BIAS
dc.subjectSERVICE DELIVERY
dc.subjectSOCIAL ASSISTANCE
dc.subjectSOCIAL CAPITAL
dc.subjectSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectSOCIAL FUNDS
dc.subjectSOCIAL INVESTMENT FUNDS
dc.subjectSOCIAL NETWORKS
dc.subjectSOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS
dc.subjectSOCIAL SCIENTISTS
dc.subjectSUSTAINABILITY
dc.subjectTARGETING PERFORMANCE
dc.titleCommunity-Based and Driven Development: A Critical Review

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