Nicaragua - Poverty Assessment : Volume 2. Background Paper
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Washington, DC
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Nicaragua is a small, open economy that
is vulnerable to external and natural shocks. With an
estimated Gross National Income (GNI) per capita of US$1000
in 2006, and a total population of 5.2 million, it is one of
the poorest countries in Latin America. Forty six percent of
the population lived below the poverty line in 2005 (while
15 percent lived in extreme poverty), and the incidence of
poverty is more than twice as high in rural areas (68
percent) than in urban areas (29 percent). Nicaragua's
social indicators also rank among the lowest in the region,
commensurate with its relatively low per capita income
level. Nicaragua's long-term development vision is set
out in its National Development Plan (NDP), 2005-2009, which
gives greater importance to economic growth than the
strategy document that preceded it. This also serves as its
second Poverty Reduction Strategy (PRS). The goals of the
PRS incorporate the MDGs, and establish medium (2006-2010)
to long term targets (2015). By 2005, the country had made
satisfactory progress on meeting the PRS/MDG targets for
reducing extreme poverty, increasing net primary enrollment,
and reducing infant and child mortality. This National
Development Plan is being revised by the new government that
took office on January 2007, which has expressed interest in
maintaining policy continuity in those areas that have shown
progress and tackling pending development challenges. These
include efforts to improve the country's growth
performance while reducing poverty, macroeconomic stability
as a necessary, although not sufficient, condition to
stimulate growth, and reduce poverty, a special focus on
social issues that impact the poorest, including the MDGs,
and environmental sustainability. Programmatic priorities
for the new administration include a renewed focus on
poverty reduction using a multi-sector approach,
implementing pragmatic solutions to the energy crisis for
the short to medium term; expanding water and sanitation
services with environmentally sustainable solutions; sharing
economic growth more broadly to tackle hunger, malnutrition
and poverty; placing greater emphasis on preventive health
and continuing social protection programs; extending
illiteracy programs and improving education services, and
pursuing municipal decentralization, state modernization,
and good governance.
Palabras clave
ABSOLUTE POVERTY, ABUSE, ACCESS TO CREDIT, ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY, ACCESS TO INFRASTRUCTURE, ACCESS TO LOANS, ACCESS TO RESOURCES, ACCESS TO SERVICES, AGRICULTURAL INCOME, AGRICULTURAL LAND, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCERS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, AGRICULTURAL SELF-EMPLOYMENT, AGRICULTURAL WAGES, ANTI-POVERTY, ANTI-POVERTY STRATEGY, ARABLE LAND, ASSET DEPLETION, ASSET HOLDINGS, BABIES, BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE, BASIC NEEDS, CAPACITY BUILDING, CATALYSTS, CENSUSES, CENTRAL AMERICA, CHANGES IN POVERTY, CITIZENSHIP, CONFLICT, CONSUMPTION AGGREGATE, CONSUMPTION BASKET, CONSUMPTION DATA, CONSUMPTION MEASURE, CONSUMPTION SMOOTHING, CORRELATES OF POVERTY, CULTURAL SYSTEMS, DEBT, DEFINITIONS OF POVERTY, DETERMINANTS OF POVERTY, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DIMENSIONS OF POVERTY, DISCRIMINATION, DIVORCE, DOMESTIC LABOR, DROP IN POVERTY, DROUGHT, DRUGS, EARNINGS, ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES, ECONOMIC CHANGE, ECONOMIC IMPROVEMENT, EDUCATION LEVELS, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, ELDERLY, EMPLOYMENT INCOME, EMPLOYMENT STATUS, EMPOWERMENT, ENDOWMENTS, ESTIMATES OF POVERTY, EXCHANGE RATE, EXCHANGE RATES, EXCLUSION, EXTREME POVERTY, EXTREME POVERTY LINE, EXTREME POVERTY LINES, FAMILIES, FEMALE-HEADED HOUSEHOLDS, FINANCIAL SERVICES, FOOD EXPENDITURE, GENDER, HOUSEHOLD ACCESS, HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION, HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION, HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA, HOUSEHOLD HEAD, HOUSEHOLD HEADS, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSEHOLD LEVEL, HOUSEHOLD POVERTY, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, HOUSEHOLD WELFARE, HOUSING, ILL HEALTH, INCOME, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, INCOME GENERATION, INCOME GENERATION PROGRAMS, INCOME GROUP, INCOME GROWTH, INCOME INEQUALITY, INCOME SHOCKS, INDIGENOUS GROUPS, INDIVIDUAL HOUSEHOLDS, INEQUALITY, INEQUITIES, INHERITANCE, JOB OPPORTUNITIES, LABOR FORCE, LAND HOLDINGS, LAND QUALITY, LAND RIGHTS, LATIN AMERICAN, LEVELS OF CONSUMPTION, LEVELS OF EDUCATION, LIVESTOCK OWNERS, LIVESTOCK OWNERSHIP, LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS, LIVING STANDARDS, MALNUTRITION, MEAT, MIGRANTS, MIGRATION, MILK, MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL, NATIONAL GROUPS, NATIONAL LEVEL, NATIONAL POPULATION, NATIONAL POVERTY, NATIONAL POVERTY LINE, NATIONAL POVERTY RATE, NATURAL RESOURCE, NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, NATURAL RESOURCES, NEW BUSINESSES, NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS, NURSES, PACIFIC REGION, PENSIONS, PEOPLES, PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, POOR, POOR COMMUNITIES, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, POOR PEOPLE, POORER HOUSEHOLDS, POPULATION GROWTH, POPULATION SHIFTS, POVERTY ASSESSMENT, POVERTY DATA, POVERTY ESTIMATES, POVERTY GAP, POVERTY HEADCOUNT INDEX, POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATES, POVERTY INDICATOR, POVERTY INDICATORS, POVERTY LEVEL, POVERTY LEVELS, POVERTY LINE, POVERTY MEASUREMENT, POVERTY MEASURES, POVERTY PROFILE, POVERTY RATES, POVERTY REDUCTION, POVERTY SEVERITY, POVERTY STATUS, PRIMARY EDUCATION, PRIMARY SCHOOL, PROGRESS, PROPERTY RIGHTS, PURCHASING POWER, PURCHASING POWER PARITY, QUALITATIVE DATA, QUALITATIVE INFORMATION, QUALITY OF SERVICES, QUANTITATIVE MEASURES, RADIO, RATES OF GROWTH, RELIGIOUS BELIEFS, REMITTANCE, REMITTANCES, RESPECT, RICHER PEOPLE, RISK MANAGEMENT, RURAL, RURAL AREAS, RURAL COMMUNITIES, RURAL COMMUNITY, RURAL GROWTH, RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, RURAL REGIONS, SANITATION, SAVINGS, SCHOOL ATTENDANCE, SECONDARY EDUCATION, SELF-ASSESSMENT, SMALL BUSINESS, SMALL BUSINESS OWNERS, SMALL BUSINESSES, SOCIAL CAPITAL, SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES, SOCIAL EXCLUSION, SOCIAL NETWORKS, SOCIAL PROGRAMS, SOCIAL SECURITY, SOCIAL STATUS, SOURCE OF INCOME, SPECIES, TARGETING, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, TELEVISION, TOTAL POVERTY, UNDERSTANDING OF POVERTY, URBAN AREA, URBAN AREAS, URBAN CENTER, URBAN CENTERS, URBAN COMMUNITY, USE OF RESOURCES, VILLAGES, VOCATIONAL TRAINING, VULNERABILITY, WAR, WELFARE DISTRIBUTION, WOMAN, YOUNG CHILDREN, YOUNG GIRLS, YOUNG PEOPLE