Gender and Agriculture : Inefficiencies, Segregation, and Low Productivity Traps

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dc.creatorCroppenstedt, Andre
dc.creatorGoldstein, Markus
dc.creatorRosas, Nina
dc.date2014-08-20T16:48:57Z
dc.date2014-08-20T16:48:57Z
dc.date2013-02
dc.date.accessioned2026-07-01T00:33:36Z
dc.descriptionWomen make essential contributions to agriculture in developing countries, where they constitute approximately 43 percent of the agricultural labor force. However, female farmers typically have lower output per unit of land and are much less likely to be active in commercial farming than their male counterparts. These gender differences in land productivity and participation between male and female farmers are due to gender differences in access to inputs, resources, and services. In this paper, we review the evidence on productivity differences and access to resources. We discuss some of the reasons for these differences, such as differences in property rights, education, control over resources (e.g., land), access to inputs and services (e.g., fertilizer, extension, and credit), and social norms. Although women are less active in commercial farming and are largely excluded from contract farming, they often provide the bulk of wage labor in the nontraditional export sector. In general, gender gaps do not appear to fall systematically with growth, and they appear to rise with GDP per capita and with greater access to resources and inputs. Active policies that support women's access and participation, not just greater overall access, are essential if these gaps are to be closed. The gains in terms of greater productivity of land and overall production are likely to be large.
dc.formatapplication/pdf
dc.identifierWorld Bank Research Observer
dc.identifier1564-6971
dc.identifierhttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/19493
dc.identifierhttps://doi.org/10.1596/19493
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/123456789/406093
dc.languageen_US
dc.publisherOxford University Press on behalf of the World Bank
dc.relationWorld Bank Research Observer
dc.rightsCC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGO
dc.rightshttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/igo/
dc.rightsWorld Bank
dc.subjectagricultural extension
dc.subjectagricultural extension centers
dc.subjectagricultural information
dc.subjectagricultural production
dc.subjectagriculture
dc.subjectcrops
dc.subjectdiet
dc.subjectequipment
dc.subjectextension
dc.subjectextension services
dc.subjectfarmers
dc.subjectfarms
dc.subjectfertilizers
dc.subjectgender
dc.subjectincomes
dc.subjectland development
dc.subjectland reform
dc.subjectlivestock
dc.subjectnew technologies
dc.subjectscientists
dc.titleGender and Agriculture : Inefficiencies, Segregation, and Low Productivity Traps
dc.typeJournal Article
dc.typeArticle de journal
dc.typeArtículo de revista

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