Using the Global Positioning System in Household Surveys for Better Economics and Better Policy
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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Distance and location are important
determinants of many choices that economists study. While
these variables can sometimes be obtained from secondary
data, economists often rely on information that is
self-reported by respondents in surveys. These self-reports
are used especially for the distance from households or
community centers to various features such as roads,
markets, schools, clinics, and other public services. There
is growing evidence that self-reported distance is measured
with error and that these errors are correlated with
outcomes of interest. In contrast to self-reports, the
Global Positioning System (GPS) can determine almost exact
location (typically within 15 meters). The falling cost of
GPS receivers (typically below US$100) makes it increasingly
feasible for field surveys to use GPS as a better method of
measuring location and distance. In this paper the authors
review four ways that GPS can lead to better economics and
better policy: (1) through constructing instrumental
variables that can be used to understand the causal impact
of policies, (2) by helping to understand policy
externalities and spillovers, (3) through better
understanding of access to services, and (4) by improving
the collection of household survey data. They also discuss
several pitfalls and unresolved problems with using GPS in
household surveys.
Palabras clave
ACCESSIBILITY, ACCURACY, AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, AIR, AIR POLLUTION, AIRCRAFT, ALTITUDE, CENSUSES, CHILD LABOR, CITY STREETS, CLINICS, CONTRACEPTIVE USE, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, ECONOMETRICS, EQUATIONS, EXISTING POPULATION, EXTERNALITIES, FAMILY PLANNING, FAMILY PLANNING SERVICES, GPS, GRADE, GRADIENTS, HEALTH CARE, HEALTH DECISIONS, HEALTH FACILITIES, HEALTH SERVICES, HEIGHT, HIV, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, IMMIGRATION, IMPACT OF POLICIES, INCOME, INDIVIDUAL HOUSEHOLDS, INFORMATION SYSTEM, INSTRUMENT, IUD, JOURNEYS, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MARKETS, LACK OF INFORMATION, LENGTH, MEASUREMENT ERRORS, MEASUREMENTS, MEASURING, MIGRANTS, MIGRATION, MIGRATION FLOWS, NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS, PATIENTS, POLICY RESEARCH, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER, POPULATION DATA, POPULATION INFORMATION, PRACTITIONERS, PRECISION, PRIMARY HEALTH CARE, PRIMARY HEALTH CARE FACILITIES, PRIMARY SCHOOL, PROGRESS, PSYCHOLOGY, PUBLIC SERVICES, QUALITY CONTROL, RADIO, RAILWAY, RAILWAY LINES, RECREATION, REMITTANCES, REMOTE SENSING, ROAD, ROAD NETWORK, ROAD NETWORKS, ROAD QUALITY, ROADS, ROUTE, ROUTES, RURAL AREAS, SERVICE AREAS, SEX, SEXUAL BEHAVIOR, SOCIAL NETWORKS, SOCIAL SERVICES, SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION, SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION, SPILLOVER, SURVEYING, TELEVISION, TERRAIN, TOPOGRAPHY, TRANSPORT, TRANSPORT NETWORKS, TRANSPORTATION, TRAVEL DISTANCE, TRAVEL DISTANCES, TRAVEL TIME, TRAVEL TIMES, TRIANGULATION, TRUE, TUBERCULOSIS, TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL, UNITS, URBAN AREAS, URBAN SPRAWL, URBANIZATION, WALKING, WEALTH, WORKERS