Environmental Perspective of Russia's Accession to the World Trade Organization

Vista sencilla de ítem
dc.creatorWorld Bank
dc.date2014-04-15T19:55:15Z
dc.date2014-04-15T19:55:15Z
dc.date2014-02
dc.date.accessioned2026-07-01T00:49:21Z
dc.descriptionRussia's exports, imports, and ability to attract foreign direct investment (FDI) continue to grow. In December 2011, after eighteen years of negotiations, the World Trade Organization (WTO) invited Russia to join WTO on the basis of the negotiated protocol of Russian accession. Russia ratified the agreement in July 2012. As part of its accession to the WTO, Russia agreed to a series of important commitments to further open its trade and foreign investment regimes. Russia will apply international standards on sanitary measures and technical barriers to trade. Policies which promote energy efficiency, technology innovation, clean production in supply chains, and addressing climate change are receiving increasing attention in Russian society, and nowadays, shape the economic modernization agenda of the Russian political leadership. This report is designed to provide senior Russian policy makers with recommendations on certain areas where national environmental protection policies can be complemented by the benefits of trade liberalization. Industrial leaders may also benefit from many of the report's conclusions and recommendation. The report has several objectives. The first is to draw attention to the local impacts of air pollution impacting human health which has been previously estimated to be between 12 and 17 percent of all-cause mortality in Russia and costing the economy upwards of 14 billion dollars annually. Correcting for this "external cost" to society is not trivial and has serious implications for sector reform. The second objective is about reducing global warming, and in particular carbon dioxide (CO2). Russia's commitments to reducing greenhouse gas emissions have adjustment costs to the economy and the modeling undertaken in this report provides some relative magnitude. The third objective is related to the technological modernization that needs to take place in order to realize cost reductions (efficiency improvements) and what the associated environmental benefits will be. Finally, the report also demonstrates how the Government can reduce the marginal cost of funds from Russia's tax system. What this means is that money is currently being spent (tax Rubles) in an inefficient manner - either through large subsidies or funding inefficient production and consumption. The model investigates the impacts of trade liberalization through three impacts: the change in production output (the scale effect), sector mix (the composition effect), and productivity (the technique effect). The model highlights several areas where benefits can lead to better protection of the environment, and where liberalization measures can significantly enhance the effectiveness of national policies to address key environmental challenges. This report discusses Russia's accession to WTO from this perspective.
dc.formatapplication/pdf
dc.formattext/plain
dc.identifierhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2014/02/19243627/environmental-perspective-russias-accession-world-trade-organization
dc.identifierhttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/17799
dc.identifierhttps://doi.org/10.1596/17799
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/123456789/411534
dc.languageEnglish
dc.languageen_US
dc.publisherWashington, DC
dc.relationAgriculture and environmental services discussion paper;no. 6
dc.rightsCC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rightshttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/
dc.subjectABATEMENT COSTS
dc.subjectACID
dc.subjectACID RAIN
dc.subjectACIDIFICATION
dc.subjectAIR
dc.subjectAIR EMISSIONS
dc.subjectAIR POLLUTION
dc.subjectAIR POLLUTION CONTROL
dc.subjectANNUAL EMISSIONS
dc.subjectATMOSPHERIC PARTICULATES
dc.subjectAUDITS
dc.subjectBASE YEAR
dc.subjectBENCHMARKING
dc.subjectBILATERAL TRADE
dc.subjectCANCER
dc.subjectCAPITAL FORMATION
dc.subjectCARBON
dc.subjectCARBON CAPTURE
dc.subjectCARBON CONTENT
dc.subjectCARBON DIOXIDE
dc.subjectCARBON MONOXIDE
dc.subjectCHEMICALS
dc.subjectCLEAN TECHNOLOGIES
dc.subjectCLEANER TECHNOLOGIES
dc.subjectCLIMATE
dc.subjectCLIMATE CHANGE
dc.subjectCO
dc.subjectCO2
dc.subjectCOAL
dc.subjectCOLORS
dc.subjectCOMBUSTION
dc.subjectCOMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE
dc.subjectCOMPETITIVE MARKETS
dc.subjectCOMPETITIVENESS
dc.subjectCONSTANT RETURNS TO SCALE
dc.subjectCONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
dc.subjectCONSUMER SURPLUS
dc.subjectCONSUMPTION PATTERNS
dc.subjectCOST ANALYSIS
dc.subjectCOST SAVINGS
dc.subjectCRU
dc.subjectCRUDE OIL
dc.subjectDECISION MAKING
dc.subjectDEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS
dc.subjectECONOMIC ACTIVITY
dc.subjectECONOMIC CIRCUMSTANCES
dc.subjectECONOMIC COOPERATION
dc.subjectECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectECONOMIC GROWTH
dc.subjectECONOMIC INCENTIVES
dc.subjectECONOMIC OBJECTIVES
dc.subjectECONOMIC PERFORMANCE
dc.subjectECONOMIC SECTORS
dc.subjectECONOMIC STRUCTURE
dc.subjectECONOMIC THEORY
dc.subjectECONOMICS
dc.subjectECONOMISTS
dc.subjectEFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTS
dc.subjectELASTICITIES
dc.subjectELASTICITY
dc.subjectELASTICITY OF SUBSTITUTION
dc.subjectELECTRICITY GENERATION
dc.subjectEMISSION
dc.subjectEMISSION ABATEMENT
dc.subjectEMISSION CONTROL
dc.subjectEMISSION INTENSITY
dc.subjectEMISSION LEVELS
dc.subjectEMISSION LIMIT
dc.subjectEMISSION PRICING
dc.subjectEMISSION REDUCTION
dc.subjectEMISSION REDUCTION TARGET
dc.subjectEMISSION TAXES
dc.subjectEMISSION TRADING
dc.subjectEMISSIONS FROM FUEL
dc.subjectEMISSIONS LEVELS
dc.subjectEMISSIONS REDUCTION
dc.subjectEMPIRICAL ANALYSIS
dc.subjectEMPIRICAL STUDIES
dc.subjectENERGY CONSUMPTION
dc.subjectENERGY EFFICIENCY
dc.subjectENERGY EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGIES
dc.subjectENERGY MIX
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTING
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL COSTS
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL GOODS
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY STANDARDS
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTS
dc.subjectEQUILIBRIUM
dc.subjectEQUIVALENT VARIATION
dc.subjectEUTROPHICATION
dc.subjectEXCHANGE RATES
dc.subjectEXPENDITURES
dc.subjectEXPORTS
dc.subjectFERROUS METALS
dc.subjectFERTILIZERS
dc.subjectFORESTRY
dc.subjectFOSSIL FUEL
dc.subjectFOSSIL FUELS
dc.subjectFREE TRADE
dc.subjectFUEL SUBSTITUTION
dc.subjectFUEL SWITCHING
dc.subjectFUEL USE
dc.subjectGAS
dc.subjectGAS PRODUCTION
dc.subjectGDP
dc.subjectGENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSES
dc.subjectGENERATION CAPACITY
dc.subjectGHG
dc.subjectGLOBAL WARMING
dc.subjectGREENHOUSE
dc.subjectGREENHOUSE GAS
dc.subjectGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION
dc.subjectGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION REDUCTION
dc.subjectGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
dc.subjectGREENHOUSE GASES
dc.subjectGREENHOUSE GASSES
dc.subjectGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
dc.subjectHAZARDOUS WASTE
dc.subjectHYDROCARBONS
dc.subjectHYDROMETEOROLOGY
dc.subjectIMPERFECT COMPETITION
dc.subjectINCINERATION
dc.subjectINCOME
dc.subjectINCREASING RETURNS
dc.subjectINCREASING RETURNS TO SCALE
dc.subjectINDIRECT EMISSIONS FROM ELECTRICITY
dc.subjectINDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS
dc.subjectINDUSTRIAL POLLUTION
dc.subjectINEFFICIENCY
dc.subjectINTEGRATED ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK
dc.subjectINTERMEDIATE INPUTS
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL TRADE
dc.subjectIRON
dc.subjectLABOR PRODUCTIVITY
dc.subjectLOWERING TRADE BARRIERS
dc.titleEnvironmental Perspective of Russia's Accession to the World Trade Organization

Archivos

Colecciones

AgroKnow