Note on Green Growth for Bhutan
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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Bhutan has recently made significant
progress in sustaining economic growth and reducing poverty.
Bhutan also has valuable deposits of primary materials
including dolomite, lime stone, gypsum, quartzite, stone,
and marble, which are useful for fabrication of other
materials. Thus, a significant part of Bhutan's current
and prospective economic gains come from use of natural
resources called, green sectors. The basic message in this
note is that Bhutan starts from a solid base in terms of
green growth, with additional opportunities for meeting its
development goals and overcoming the above mentioned
challenges on the basis of its natural resource endowment.
However, realizing those opportunities and meeting those
challenges will require focusing on the economic
contribution from sustainable use of those natural
resources, in addition to conservation of the environment.
It will also require complementary measures, using the
economic surplus (or as economists refer to it, rent) from
sustainable natural resource use to help diversify economic
activity and address institutional and other constraints. A
more comprehensive view of green growth emphasizes
sustainable use of natural capital, along with managing
environmental risks cost-effectively and in an
institutionally sound manner to limit risks to human health
and of irreversible degradation of the natural environment.
In this context, green growth needs to balance conservation
with sustainable economic use of all resources to meet the
needs of the present, and maintain opportunities for the
future. The note touches upon issues of inclusion where
possible but not in a systematic and comprehensive manner.
The purpose of the note is to provide food for thought in
ongoing discussion of growth strategies for Bhutan, and how
green growth ideas may contribute to that discussion.
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO FOREST, ACTION PLAN, AGRICULTURAL INTENSIFICATION, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS, AGROCHEMICALS, AIR, AIR POLLUTION, AIR QUALITY, AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT, ALUMINUM, ANIMAL, ANIMAL PRODUCTS, ATMOSPHERE, BALANCE OF PAYMENTS, BAMBOO, BASIC CONSERVATION, BENEFIT SHARING, BIODIVERSITY, BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION, BIODIVERSITY PROTECTION, BIOGAS, BIRD, BIRDS, BUS, CAPITAL INVESTMENT, CARBON, CARBON DIOXIDE, CARBON NEUTRAL, CARBON SEQUESTRATION, CARBON STORAGE, CATCHMENT AREA, CATTLE, CHEMICALS, CHICK, CHICKEN, CHICKENS, CHICKS, CLEAN AIR, CLEAN ENERGY, CLIMATE, CLIMATE CHANGE, CO2, COAL, COMBUSTION, COMMERCIAL FARMING, COMMON PROPERTY, COMMUNITY FORESTRY, COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE, COMPOSTING, COPPER, CROP RESIDUES, CULTURAL DIVERSITY, DEBT, DECISION MAKING, DEFORESTATION, DEPTH ASSESSMENT, DESERTIFICATION, DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, DIESEL, DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION, DRINKING WATER, DRINKING WATER QUALITY, DRIVING, DROUGHT, DRY SEASON, DUST, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC GOODS, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS, ECONOMIC RENTS, ECONOMIC VALUE, ECONOMICS, ECONOMISTS, ECOSYSTEM, EGGS, ELECTRICITY, ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION, ELEPHANT, EMISSION, EMISSIONS, ENERGY CONSUMPTION, ENTITLEMENTS, ENVIRONMENTAL, ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINT, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS, ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE, ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS, ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY, EXPENDITURES, EXPLOITATION, FARMS, FATS, FERTILIZERS, FISH, FISHERIES, FLOODS, FOOD PRODUCTION, FOOD SECURITY, FOREST, FOREST AREA, FOREST CARBON, FOREST CARBON SEQUESTRATION, FOREST COVER, FOREST DEGRADATION, FOREST ECOSYSTEMS, FOREST FIRE, FOREST FIRES, FOREST INVENTORIES, FOREST LANDS, FOREST MANAGEMENT, FOREST POLICY, FOREST PRODUCTIVITY, FOREST PRODUCTS, FOREST RESOURCES, FOREST TYPE, FOREST TYPES, FORESTRY, FORESTRY SECTOR, FORESTS, FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE, GASES, GHG, GLASS BOTTLES, GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY, GRASSLANDS, GREENHOUSE, GREENHOUSE GAS, GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS, GROSS EARNINGS, HAZARDOUS WASTE, HOUSEHOLD FUELS, HYDROLOGY, ILLEGAL LOGGING, INCINERATION, INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS, INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION, LABOR FORCE, LAKE, LAKES, LAND DEGRADATION, LAND USE, LAND USES, LANDFILL, LANDFILLS, LIVESTOCK, LOGGING, MANGANESE, MARKET PRICES, METALS, METHANE, MIGRATION, MINERAL DEPOSITS, MINERAL EXTRACTION, MINES, MOTOR VEHICLES, MOUNTAIN RANGE, NATIONAL ACCOUNTING, NATIONAL FOREST POLICY, NATIONAL INCOME, NATIONAL PARK, NATURAL CAPITAL, NATURAL FORESTS, NATURAL RESOURCE, NATURAL RESOURCES, NATURE CONSERVATION, NEGATIVE IMPACTS, NITRATES, NITROGEN, NUTRIENTS, OIL, OILS, OPEN BURNING, PARTICLES, PARTICULATE, PASTURE, PASTURES, PESTICIDES, PET, PLANT, PLASTIC BAGS, POLICY ENVIRONMENT, POLLUTION, POPULATION CENSUS, POPULATION DENSITIES, POPULATION DENSITY, POULTRY, PP, PRECIPITATION, PRESENT VALUE, PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH, PUBLIC GOOD, QUALITY ASSESSMENT, QUALITY STANDARDS, RAIN, RAINFALL, REBATES, RECYCLABLE MATERIALS, RECYCLING, RESERVE FORESTS, RESERVES, RESOURCE USE, RIVER BASINS, ROAD, ROAD CONSTRUCTION, ROAD SAFETY, ROADS, RURAL COMMUNITIES, SEASONAL VARIABILITY, SILICON, SINK, SMALL HYDROPOWER, SMOKE, SOIL DEGRADATION, SPECIES, STREAM FLOW, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE FOREST, SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT, SUSTAINABLE FORESTRY, SUSTAINABLE GROWTH, SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT, SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF FORESTS, SUSTAINABLE NATURAL RESOURCE, SUSTAINABLE NATURAL RESOURCE USE, SUSTAINABLE USE, TEMPERATURE, TIMBER, TIMBER FOREST, TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS, TIMBER INDUSTRIES, TOTAL EMISSIONS, TOURISM, TOURISM INDUSTRY, TOURISM MANAGEMENT, TRADEOFFS, TRANSIT, TRANSPORT, TRANSPORT AUTHORITY, TRANSPORTATION, TREES, UNEMPLOYMENT, URBAN CENTERS, VEGETATION, WASTE MANAGEMENT, WATER POLLUTION, WATERSHED, WILD ANIMAL, WILDLIFE, WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT, WIND