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World Bank, Washington, DC
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This report synthesizes the findings for
the energy sector of a broader study, the Brazil low carbon
study, which was undertaken by the World Bank in its
initiative to support Brazil's integrated effort
towards reducing national and global emissions of greenhouse
gases while promoting long term development. The main aim of
the study is to examine the potential for abating Greenhouse
Gas (GHG) emissions in Brazil in the energy area and to
assess the relative costs of doing so for the time frame
2010-2030. Basically the study seeks to demonstrate by how
much, by when and at what cost Brazil could reduce its GHG
energy sector emissions. Given its special features, the
fuel use and emissions of greenhouse gases in the
transportation sector are dealt with in another report of
this project. In addition the study aims to provide
information for the Brazilian government to enable it to
develop a long-term strategy (2030) for reducing carbon in
the energy area (except the transport sector) and, more
specifically, to provide the technical input needed for
evaluating the potential for reducing greenhouse gas
emissions produced by the key economic sectors. In short,
the study seeks to identify the different options and
opportunities that could justify possible international
resources being allocated to Brazil. The teams involved in
the study needed first to focus on the proposed mitigation
and carbon sequestering options and then, after identifying
these proposals, to focus on existing barriers to the
successful deployment of these options and suggest a set of
public policies which could be mobilized to overcome them.
The study also provides estimates of the scale of
investments and operating costs likely to be involved, as
well as a mitigation cost curve.
Palabras clave
ABATEMENT COSTS, AIR, AIR RESOURCES, ALTERNATIVE ENERGY, ALUMINUM, ANNUAL COST, ANNUAL EMISSION, APPROACH, ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS, AVAILABILITY, BARRELS PER DAY, BIO-FUELS, BIOMASS, BIOMASS EMISSIONS, BIOMASS ETHANOL, BIOMASS RESIDUES, BLACK LIQUOR, BLAST FURNACE, CALCULATION, CARB, CARBON, CARBON CREDITS, CARBON DIOXIDE, CARBON EMISSIONS, CARBON MITIGATION, CARBON PRICE, CELLULOSE, CEMENT, CHEMICALS, CLEAN AIR, CLIMATE, CLIMATE CHANGE, CO, CO2, COAL, COAL PLANTS, COGENERATION, COLORS, COMBUSTIBLE BIOMASS, CONSUMER DEMAND, CONSUMPTION OF ENERGY, CONSUMPTION OF FOSSIL, COST OF ELECTRICITY, COST OF ETHANOL, COSTS OF ABATEMENT, DEFORESTATION, DEMAND FOR ENERGY, DIESEL, DISCOUNT RATE, DISCOUNT RATES, DISTRIBUTION LOSSES, DOMESTIC ENERGY, ECONOMIC ANALYSIS, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC GROWTH RATE, ECONOMIC MODEL, ECONOMIC SECTORS, ELECTRIC ENERGY, ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC POWER, ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION, ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS, ELECTRICAL SYSTEM, ELECTRICITY, ELECTRICITY GENERATION, ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION, ELECTRICITY SECTOR, ELECTRICITY SUPPLY, ELECTRICITY SYSTEM, EMISSION, EMISSION BASELINE, EMISSION FACTOR, EMISSION REDUCTION, EMISSION REDUCTION POTENTIAL, EMISSION REDUCTIONS, EMISSIONS ABATEMENT, EMISSIONS FROM ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION, EMISSIONS GROWTH, EMISSIONS LEVELS, EMISSIONS MITIGATION, EMISSIONS REDUCTION, EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS, EMISSIONS SCENARIOS, END-USE, END-USE CONSUMPTION, END-USES, ENERGY BALANCE, ENERGY CONSERVATION, ENERGY CONSUMPTION, ENERGY DATA, ENERGY DEMAND, ENERGY EFFICIENCY, ENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURES, ENERGY MIX, ENERGY PLANNING, ENERGY POLICIES, ENERGY PRODUCTION, ENERGY RESEARCH, ENERGY RESOURCES, ENERGY SAVINGS, ENERGY SOURCES, ENERGY SUPPLY, ENERGY SYSTEM, ENERGY USE, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, ETHANOL, ETHYL ALCOHOL, FINANCIAL SUPPORT, FORESTRY, FORESTS, FOSSIL, FOSSIL FUEL, FOSSIL FUELS, FOSSIL SOURCES, FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE, FUEL COSTS, FUEL OIL, FUEL SUBSTITUTION, FUEL USE, FUEL WOOD, GAS, GAS SUPPLY, GASES, GASOLINE, GHG, GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE, GLOBAL EMISSIONS, GREEN HOUSE GASES, GREENHOUSE, GREENHOUSE GAS, GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS, GREENHOUSE GASES, HEAT, HYDRO POWER, HYDROELECTRIC PLANTS, HYDROELECTRIC POTENTIAL, HYDROELECTRIC POWER, HYDROLYSIS, HYDROPOWER, INCOME, INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY, IPCC, IRON, KILOWATT HOUR, LAND USE, LAND USE CHANGE, LAND-USE CHANGE, LOW-CARBON, MARGINAL ABATEMENT, MARGINAL ABATEMENT COST, MARGINAL COST, MARGINAL COST OF ABATEMENT, METALS, MITIGATION POTENTIAL, MMA, N2O, NATIONAL GRID, NATURAL GAS, NEGATIVE IMPACTS, NET COST, NEW PLANTS, NH3, NOX, NUCLEAR ENERGY, NUCLEAR FACILITIES, NUCLEAR PLANTS, OIL REFINERIES, OIL REFINING, OXYGEN, PE, PERFORMANCE STANDARDS, PET, PETROLEUM, PETROLEUM COKE, PLANT PRODUCING, PORTFOLIO, POWER, POWER SECTOR, PRESENT VALUE, PRIMARY ENERGY, PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY, PRODUCTION OF ETHANOL, PVC, REDUCTION OF EMISSIONS, REFINED PRODUCTS, REFINERY FUEL, REFINERY SECTOR, RENEWABLE BIOMASS, RENEWABLE ENERGY, RENEWABLE ENERGY GENERATION, RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES, RENEWABLE SOURCES, RESERVOIRS, RESIDENTIAL ENERGY, SODIUM, SODIUM CHLORIDE, SOLAR ENERGY, SUGARCANE, SUGARCANE PRODUCTION, SULPHUR, SULPHUR DIESEL, SUPPLY OF BIOMASS, SUPPLY OF ELECTRICITY, SUPPLY SIDE, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, SUSTAINABLE USE, THERMAL PLANTS, TONS OF CARBON, TONS OF PETROLEUM EQUIVALENT, TOTAL CONSUMPTION, TOTAL COSTS, TOTAL ELECTRICITY GENERATION, TOTAL EMISSIONS, TRANSMISSION CAPACITY, TRANSMISSION LINE, TRANSPORT SECTOR, TREE PLANTATIONS, VEHICLES, VOLUNTARY AGREEMENTS, WASTE, WIND, WIND CAPACITY, WIND ENERGY