Out-of-School Youth in Sub-Saharan Africa : A Policy Perspective
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Washington, DC: World Bank
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The economic and social prospects are
daunting for the 89 million out-of-school youth who comprise
nearly half of all youth in Sub-Saharan Africa. Within the
next decade, when this cohort becomes the core of the labor
market, an estimated 40 million more youth will drop out,
and will face an uncertain future with limited work and life
skills. Furthermore, out-of-school youth often are policy
orphans, positioned between sectors with little data, low
implementation capacity, lack of interest in long-term
sustainability of programs, insufficient funds, and little
coordination across the different government agencies. This
report provides a diagnostic analysis of the state of
out-of-school youth in Sub-Saharan Africa, focusing on the
12- to 24-year-old cohort. This report also examines the
decision path youth take as they progress through the
education system and the factors that explain youth's
school and work choices. It finds that individual and
household characteristics, social norms, and characteristics
of the school system all matter in understanding why youth
drop out and remain out of school. In particular, six key
factors characterize out-of-school youth: (i) most
out-of-school youth drop out before secondary school; (ii)
early marriage for female youth and (iii) rural residence
increase the likelihood of being out of school; (iv)
parental education level and (v) the number of working
adults are important household factors; and (vi) lack of
school access and low educational quality are binding
supply-side constraints. Policy discussions on out-of-school
youth are framed by these six key factors along with three
entry points for intervention: retention, remediation, and
integration. This report also reviews policies and programs
in place for out-of-school youth across the continent.
Ultimately, this report aims to inform public discussion,
policy formulation, and development practitioners'
actions working with youth in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Palabras clave
ACADEMIC STANDARDS, ACCESS TO SCHOOLING, ADOLESCENTS, ADULT EMPLOYMENT, ADULT LITERACY, ADULTS, ADVOCACY, AGE COHORT, AGE GROUPS, ALTERNATIVE EDUCATION, BASIC EDUCATION, BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE, CHILD DEVELOPMENT, CHILD DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS, CIVIC PARTICIPATION, COGNITIVE SKILLS, COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION, COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN EDUCATION, COMPULSORY EDUCATION, CURRICULA, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DOMESTIC VIOLENCE, DRINKING WATER, DROPOUT PATTERNS, DROPOUT PROBLEM, DROPOUT RATE, DROPOUT RATES, DROPOUT TRENDS, DROPOUTS, EARLY CHILD DEVELOPMENT, EARLY INTERVENTION, EARLY MARRIAGE, EARLY MARRIAGE FOR GIRLS, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES, EDUCATED ADULTS, EDUCATION DECISIONS, EDUCATION EXPENDITURE, EDUCATION FOR YOUTH, EDUCATION INITIATIVES, EDUCATION OUTCOMES, EDUCATION POLICIES, EDUCATION POLICY, EDUCATION PROGRAMS, EDUCATION SECTOR, EDUCATION SYSTEM, EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES, EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES, EDUCATIONAL QUALITY, EFFECTS OF EDUCATION, ENROLLMENT INCREASES, ENROLLMENT LEVELS, EXAMS, EXISTING RESOURCES, FAMILIES, FAMILY ATTITUDES, FEMALE YOUTH, FORMAL EDUCATION SYSTEM, FORMAL SCHOOLING, FREE EDUCATION, GENDER DIFFERENTIALS, GENDER DISPARITIES, GIRLS, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, GROSS ENROLLMENT, GROSS ENROLLMENT RATE, GROSS ENROLLMENT RATES, HEALTH CARE, HEALTHY CHILDREN, HIGH DROPOUT, HIGH POPULATION GROWTH, HIGH POPULATION GROWTH RATES, HIGH SCHOOL, HIGHER EDUCATION, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION, INFORMAL EDUCATION, INTERVENTIONS, LABOR FORCE, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MARKETS, LEADERSHIP, LEARNING, LEARNING OUTCOMES, LEGAL STATUS, LEVEL OF EDUCATION, LIFE SKILLS, LIFE-SKILLS, LIVING STANDARDS, LOCAL GOVERNMENTS, LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES, MARRIED WOMEN, NATIONAL GOVERNMENT, NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS, NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS, OLD GIRLS, OLDER GIRLS, ORPHANS, PARENT EDUCATION, PARENTAL ATTITUDES, PARENTAL EDUCATION, PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT, PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE, POLICY DIALOGUE, POLICY DISCUSSIONS, POLICY MAKERS, POPULATION GROWTH, POPULATION GROWTH RATE, POST-PRIMARY EDUCATION, PREGNANCY, PRIMARY CYCLE, PRIMARY EDUCATION, PRIMARY LEVEL, PRIMARY SCHOOL, PRIMARY SCHOOLING, PRIMARY SCHOOLS, PRIVATE EDUCATION, PRIVATE SCHOOL, PROGRESS, PROSTITUTION, PUBLIC EDUCATION, PUBLIC EXPENDITURE, PUBLIC POLICY, PUSH FACTORS, QUALITY OF EDUCATION, QUALITY OF EDUCATION SYSTEMS, QUALITY OF LIFE, QUALITY SCHOOLS, RELIGIOUS BELIEFS, REPEATERS, REPETITION RATES, RESOURCE ALLOCATION, RESOURCE CONSTRAINTS, RETURN TO EDUCATION, RISKY BEHAVIOR, RISKY SEXUAL BEHAVIOR, RURAL AREAS, RURAL COMMUNITIES, RURAL RESIDENCE, RURAL YOUTH, SCHOOL ATTENDANCE, SCHOOL COMPLETION, SCHOOL DISCIPLINE, SCHOOL DROPOUTS, SCHOOL ENROLLMENT, SCHOOL ENTRY, SCHOOL FACILITIES, SCHOOL FEES, SCHOOL GIRLS, SCHOOL GRADUATES, SCHOOL INFRASTRUCTURE, SCHOOL MANAGEMENT, SCHOOL QUALITY, SCHOOL SYSTEM, SCHOOL SYSTEMS, SCHOOL TUITION, SCHOOL YOUTH, SCHOOLING, SCHOOLAGE, SCHOOLAGE POPULATION, SECONDARY EDUCATION, SECONDARY SCHOOL, SECONDARY SCHOOLING, SECONDARY SCHOOLS, SKILLS DEVELOPMENT, SKILLS TRAINING, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL NORMS, SOCIAL PROBLEMS, SOCIAL SCIENCES, SOCIAL WELFARE, SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT, STUDENT ASSESSMENT, SUBSIDIES TO EDUCATION, TEACHER, TEACHER TRAINING, TEACHERS, TEACHING, TEACHING FORCE, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, TECHNICAL SKILLS, TEEN, TERTIARY EDUCATION, TRAINING COURSES, TRAINING PROGRAMS, TRANSPORTATION, UNEMPLOYMENT, UNMARRIED GIRLS, UNMARRIED YOUNG WOMEN, URBAN AREAS, URBAN POVERTY, URBAN YOUTH, VOCATIONAL TRAINING, WAR, WORKFORCE, YOUNG AGES, YOUNG CHILDREN, YOUNG GIRLS, YOUNG MEN, YOUNG PEOPLE, YOUNG WOMAN, YOUNG WOMEN, YOUNGER GIRLS, YOUTH, YOUTH DEVELOPMENT, YOUTH EMPLOYMENT, YOUTH POPULATION