The role of livestock in circular bioeconomy systems
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Livestock play a key role in a circular bioeconomy by converting non-edible biomass into high-value animal-sourced foods, organic fertilizers and renewable energy. By recycling nutrients and using low-opportunity-cost biomass, livestock contribute to reducing food–feed competition, enhancing soil health and closing nutrient cycles. As a result, it makes agricultural systems more sustainable and strengthens global food security. Beyond food production, livestock systems support bio-based industries by valorizing animal by-products into materials for pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and bioenergy. Manure-based biogas production also provides a renewable energy source while mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. This guideline provides an overview of widely used metrics and indicators for assessing the environmental impact of livestock production within a circular bioeconomy, outlining their strengths and limitations. It examines the use of plant- and animal-based by-products for feed, and the valorization of residuals, such as manure, in circular bioeconomy systems. Regional case studies illustrate practical recovery strategies and innovations. The document also explores the political and regulatory implications of policies designed to promote circular bioeconomy, their effectiveness and challenges in supporting the use of by-products and residuals.