Reaching Across the Waters : Facing the Risks of Cooperation in International Waters
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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This study reviews the experience of
cooperation in five international river basins, focusing on
the perceptions of risks and opportunities by decision
makers in countries responding to a specific prospect of
cooperation. For each basin, the analysis centered on
'tipping points,' or periods in time when
policymakers in the countries involved were faced with a
critical decision concerning water cooperation. This study
is primarily aimed at external development partners.
Countries and individuals engaged in international waters
issues may also find this study and reflections helpful in
enhancing their knowledge and advancing their action with
respect to regional cooperation. There appear to be five
general categories of risk perceived by decision makers.
These risk categories were developed through a review of
literature on international negotiation and cooperation. In
each of the cases, the analysis focused on risks associated
with these five broad categories, examining how these risks
influenced decision makers and how the risks affected the
outcomes of negotiations.
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO INFORMATION, AESTHETICS, AGRICULTURE, AQUIFER, AQUIFERS, BASIN AGREEMENT, BASIN AUTHORITY, BASIN COMMISSION, BASIN COUNTRIES, BASIN DEVELOPMENT, BASIN INITIATIVE, BASIN LEVEL, BASIN MANAGEMENT, BASIN STATES, BASIN WATER, BASIN WATER MANAGEMENT, BASIN WIDE COOPERATION, BASIN-WIDE PROGRAM, CAPACITY BUILDING, CIVIL SOCIETY, CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS, CLIMATE, CLIMATE CHANGE, CLIMATIC CONDITIONS, CONSERVATION, COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT, COVERING, DAM, DAMS, DECISION MAKERS, DECISION MAKING, DECISION MAKING PROCESS, DECISION MAKING PROCESSES, DIKES, DOWNSTREAM COUNTRIES, DRAINAGE, EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS, ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION, ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, EVAPORATION, EVAPORATION LOSSES, FLOOD DAMAGE, FLOOD PREPAREDNESS, FLOODING, FLOODS, FOOD PRODUCTION, FUEL, GENERALLY WELL, HEATING, HYDROPOWER, HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT, HYDROPOWER GENERATION, HYDROPOWER GENERATORS, INDUSTRIAL USERS, INDUSTRIAL WASTE, INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, INTERNATIONAL RIVERS, INTERNATIONAL WATERS, INVESTMENT PROGRAM, IRRIGATION, LAKES, MANAGEMENT OF WATER, PARTNERSHIP, PESTICIDES, PROGRAMS, RESERVOIR OPERATIONS, RESERVOIRS, RIPARIAN, RIPARIAN COUNTRIES, RIPARIAN STATES, RIVER, RIVER BASIN, RIVER BASINS, RIVER FLOWING, RIVER FLOWS, RIVER SYSTEM, RIVER SYSTEMS, RIVERS, SALTWATER INTRUSION, SEA, SEAS, SECTORAL INVESTMENTS, SEDIMENT MANAGEMENT, SHARED WATER RESOURCES, SHARED WATERS, SILT, SOIL, SPRING, STREAMS, SURFACE AREA, SURFACE WATER, USE OF WATER, WATER AFFAIRS, WATER ALLOCATIONS, WATER DEVELOPMENT, WATER INFRASTRUCTURE, WATER MANAGEMENT, WATER MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES, WATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM, WATER POLICY, WATER QUALITY, WATER QUALITY MONITORING, WATER RESOURCES, WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT, WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, WATER RIGHTS, WATER SHARING, WATER SUPPLY, WATER SYSTEM, WATER USE, WATERCOURSES, WATERSHED, WATERSHED MANAGEMENT, WATERWAYS, WETLANDS