The Malaysia-Indonesia Remittance Corridor : Making Formal Transfers the Best Option for Women and Undocumented Migrants
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Washington, DC : World Bank
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The corridor between Malaysia and
Indonesia is the second largest remittance outflow for
Malaysia and the largest remittance inflow for Indonesia. In
the East Asia and Pacific Region, Indonesia is the second
largest supplier of labor migration with 680,000 overseas
worker contracts concluded in 2006 alone. Since 2003, the
number of contracts has more than doubled. Malaysia, in
general, is a destination for foreign workers because of its
economic performance and government recruitment policies
aimed to alleviate labor shortages. In addition to these
factors, the cultural and geographical proximity of
Indonesia makes Malaysia a destination for both documented
and undocumented Indonesian migrant workers. This report is
a combined effort between the Financial and Private Sector
Development and the East Asia and Pacific Social Development
units of the World Bank. It is part of a series of studies
under both the global Bilateral Remittance Corridor Analysis
program and the Indonesia Female Migrant Worker Program. The
report analyzes the transfer of remittances by Indonesian
migrant workers known as Tenaga Kerja Indonesia (TKI). The
main objective of this report is to contribute to
policymaking efforts to increase the impact that remittances
have on economic growth and poverty reduction in Indonesia,
and investigate options for attracting more migrants to use
the formal sector. The report aims to provide a descriptive
overview of the Malaysia-Indonesia remittance corridor and
to suggest some policy avenues for improving access to
formal remittance transfer channels; increasing the
transparency of the flows and cost structure; and
facilitating the transfer of remittances, particularly for
undocumented and female migrant workers.
Palabras clave
AMOUNT OF REMITTANCES, ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING, ANTI-TERRORISM, AVERAGE REMITTANCE, AVERAGE TRANSFER, BALANCE OF PAYMENT, BALANCE OF PAYMENT STATISTICS, BALANCE OF PAYMENTS, BALANCE OF PAYMENTS STATISTICS, BANK ACCOUNTS, BANK FINANCING, BANKING SERVICES, BANKS, BORDER TRANSFERS, CHOICES OF CHANNELS, CITIZENS, CITIZENSHIP, COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES, COSTS OF TRANSFERS, COUNTRY OF DESTINATION, COURIER SERVICES, DEPOSIT INSURANCE, DESTINATION COUNTRY, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPMENT PLANNING, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL OF REMITTANCES, DEVELOPMENTAL IMPACT, DISSEMINATION, DISTRIBUTION OF REMITTANCES, DUE DILIGENCE REQUIREMENTS, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS, ECONOMIC INDICATORS, ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY, ECONOMIC TRENDS, ELECTRONIC PAYMENT, ELECTRONIC TRANSFERS, EMPLOYER, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, EXCHANGE RATE, FAMILIES, FAMILY MEMBERS, FEMALE MIGRANTS, FINANCIAL FLOWS, FINANCIAL INSTITUTION, FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS, FINANCIAL LITERACY, FINANCIAL LITERACY TRAINING, FINANCIAL MARKETS, FINANCIAL PRODUCTS, FINANCIAL SERVICES, FLOW OF MIGRANTS, FLOWS OF REMITTANCES, FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT, FOREIGN EXCHANGE, FOREIGN EXCHANGE BUREAUS, FOREIGN WORKERS, FORMAL TRANSFER SYSTEMS, GLOBAL REMITTANCE, GLOBAL REMITTANCES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, GROSS NATIONAL INCOME, HEALTH CARE, HIGH LEVELS OF REMITTANCES, HOME AFFAIRS, HOME COUNTRY, HOST COUNTRIES, HOUSEHOLD WELFARE, HUMAN RIGHTS, IDENTIFICATION REQUIREMENTS, ILLEGAL MIGRANTS, ILLEGAL MIGRATION, IMMIGRANT, IMMIGRATION, IMMIGRATION STATUS, IMPACT OF REMITTANCES, IMPORTANCE OF REMITTANCES, INCOMES, INDUSTRIALIZATION, INFORMAL CHANNELS, INFORMAL ECONOMY, INFORMAL FLOWS, INFORMAL REMITTANCE, INFORMAL REMITTANCES, INFORMAL TRANSFER, INFORMAL TRANSFERS, INFORMED CHOICES, INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY, INTERNATIONAL BANK, INTERNATIONAL MIGRANT, INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION, INVESTMENT OF REMITTANCES, ISSUE OF GENDER, JOB-SEEKERS, LABOR FORCE, LABOR SHORTAGES, LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY, LEGAL PROTECTION, LEGAL STATUS, LIVING CONDITIONS, LOAN REPAYMENTS, LOCAL GOVERNMENTS, MACROECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, MARRIED WOMEN, MIGRANT, MIGRANT FLOWS, MIGRANT WORKER, MIGRANT WORKERS, MIGRATION, MIGRATION DATA, MIGRATION PROCESS, MINISTRY OF HEALTH, MONEY REMITTANCES, MONEY TRANSFER, MONEY TRANSFER OPERATORS, MONEY TRANSFERS, MOTHER, NUMBER OF MIGRANTS, OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE, OVERSEAS MIGRANTS, POLICY FORMULATION, POLICY FRAMEWORK, POLITICAL CHANGE, POPULATION GROWTH, POVERTY ALLEVIATION, POVERTY REDUCTION, PREGNANCIES, PRESIDENTIAL DECREE, PUBLIC AWARENESS, PUBLIC KNOWLEDGE, RECIPIENT COUNTRIES, RECIPIENT COUNTRY, REGULATORY FRAMEWORK, REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS, RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS, REMITTANCE, REMITTANCE AMOUNT, REMITTANCE CHANNELS, REMITTANCE CORRIDOR, REMITTANCE CORRIDORS, REMITTANCE DATA, REMITTANCE DISTRIBUTION, REMITTANCE FLOWS, REMITTANCE INFLOWS, REMITTANCE MARKET, REMITTANCE OUTFLOWS, REMITTANCE PROCESS, REMITTANCE SENDERS, REMITTANCE SERVICE, REMITTANCE SERVICE PROVIDERS, REMITTANCE SYSTEMS, REMITTANCE TRANSFER, REMITTANCE TRANSFERS, REMITTANCES, ROLE OF GENDER, RURAL AREAS, RURAL BANK, RURAL COMMUNITIES, SAVINGS FROM MIGRATION, SAVINGS INSTRUMENTS, SEND MONEY, SEND MONEY HOME, SERVICE PROVIDERS, SEXUAL ABUSE, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL PRESSURE, SOCIAL STATUS, SOCIAL WELFARE, SPECIFIC INCENTIVES, SPONSORS, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, TERRORIST, TRANSFER CHANNELS, TRANSFER COSTS, TRANSFER FEES, TRANSFER MECHANISMS, TRANSFER MONEY, TRANSFER OF REMITTANCES, TRANSFER PROCESS, TRANSFER SYSTEMS, TRANSPORTATION, UNDOCUMENTED MIGRANT, UNDOCUMENTED MIGRANTS, UNDOCUMENTED WORKERS, UNION, URBAN AREAS, USE OF REMITTANCES, VULNERABILITY, WORK EXPERIENCE, WORKER REMITTANCES, WORKERS REMITTANCES, WORKFORCE, WORLD POPULATION