Greenhouse Gas Analysis at the World Bank
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Washington, DC
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This report builds on reviews of
available methodologies, tools, and practices for greenhouse
gas (GHG) analysis, and summarizes the outcomes of pilot
studies. It discusses the issues and challenges associated
with GHG analysis for energy, transport and forestry
projects such as setting project boundaries and accounting
for indirect emissions. To do this it draws on existing
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC) methodologies, IPCC National GHG Inventories
guidelines, the GEF and CDM/JI methodological frameworks,
the GHG Protocol Initiative standards, World Bank
Environment Department papers, and methodologies used by
other international finance institutions. The outcome of
fourteen pilots provides a rich and varied set of
experiences in terms of approaches taken, and application of
tools and methodologies. Assessing GHG emissions from
investment operations is becoming common practice for
mostmultilateral and bilateral institutions, and
the international financial community in general. The
existing methodologies and tools could be applicable to a
significant majority of the investment lending portfolio in
energy, transport, and forestry. The pilot studies served to
generate interest from the clients as they were linked to
investment lending operations.
Los países de la región del Caribe y Centroamérica cuentan con una baja resiliencia fiscal ante los efectos adversos de terremotos, ciclones tropicales y demás eventos hidrometeorológicos como los excesos de lluvia. Los gobiernos del Caribe y de Centroamérica tienen una capacidad limitada para acceder a recursos líquidos inmediatos y absorber los choques fiscales asociados con los impactos de los desastres porque las condiciones para crear fondos de emergencias son reducidas y hay restricciones para disponer de financiamiento externo. En consecuencia, los Ministros de Finanzas del Sistema de Integración Centroamericana (SICA) y los estados miembros del CARICOM expresan el interés de gestionar sus riesgos catastróficos en forma colectiva y piden apoyo al Banco Mundial en opciones de financiación, recomendándoles la Facilidad de Seguros contra Riesgos Catastróficos en el Caribe (CCRIF, por sus siglas en inglés) como la mejor opción. El CCRIF brinda liquidez inmediata a un costo favorable y es una manera eficiente para cubrir cualquier déficit que surja en el momento de atender un desastre. Funciona como un mecanismo de reservas conjuntas y fortalece la resiliencia financiera de los países miembros ante desastres asociados con fenómenos naturales.
Los países de la región del Caribe y Centroamérica cuentan con una baja resiliencia fiscal ante los efectos adversos de terremotos, ciclones tropicales y demás eventos hidrometeorológicos como los excesos de lluvia. Los gobiernos del Caribe y de Centroamérica tienen una capacidad limitada para acceder a recursos líquidos inmediatos y absorber los choques fiscales asociados con los impactos de los desastres porque las condiciones para crear fondos de emergencias son reducidas y hay restricciones para disponer de financiamiento externo. En consecuencia, los Ministros de Finanzas del Sistema de Integración Centroamericana (SICA) y los estados miembros del CARICOM expresan el interés de gestionar sus riesgos catastróficos en forma colectiva y piden apoyo al Banco Mundial en opciones de financiación, recomendándoles la Facilidad de Seguros contra Riesgos Catastróficos en el Caribe (CCRIF, por sus siglas en inglés) como la mejor opción. El CCRIF brinda liquidez inmediata a un costo favorable y es una manera eficiente para cubrir cualquier déficit que surja en el momento de atender un desastre. Funciona como un mecanismo de reservas conjuntas y fortalece la resiliencia financiera de los países miembros ante desastres asociados con fenómenos naturales.
Palabras clave
ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE, AFFORESTATION, ANTHROPOGENIC EMISSIONS, APPROACH, ATMOSPHERE, AVAILABILITY, BALANCE, BASELINE EMISSIONS, BASES, BIKE SHARE, BIKEWAYS, BIOMASS, BORDER TRADE, BUS, CALCULATION, CAR, CARBON, CARBON CREDITS, CARBON DENSITY, CARBON DIOXIDE, CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS, CARBON EMISSIONS, CARBON ENERGY, CARBON FINANCE, CARBON FOOTPRINT, CARBON LIMITS, CARBON MITIGATION, CARBON OFFSET, CARBON POOLS, CH4, CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, CLEAN AIR, CLEAN ENERGY, CLEAN TECHNOLOGY, CLIMATE, CLIMATE CHANGE, CO, CO2, COAL, COAL POWER PLANTS, COMBUSTION, COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMPS, CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS, DEMAND FOR ELECTRICITY, DIESEL, DISCOUNT RATE, DISTRIBUTION NETWORK, ECONOMIC ANALYSIS, EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT, EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTS, ELECTRICITY, ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION, ELECTRICITY GENERATION, ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION, ELECTRICITY SUPPLY, ELECTRICITY SYSTEM, ELECTRIFICATION, EMISSION, EMISSION FACTOR, EMISSION FACTORS, EMISSION MODELS, EMISSION RATES, EMISSION REDUCTION, EMISSION REDUCTIONS, EMISSION THRESHOLD, EMISSIONS, EMISSIONS ANALYSIS, EMISSIONS BASELINE, EMISSIONS FACTORS, EMISSIONS FROM DEFORESTATION, EMISSIONS FROM ENERGY, EMISSIONS INVENTORIES, EMISSIONS MITIGATION, EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS, ENERGY CONSUMPTION, ENERGY DEMAND, ENERGY EFFICIENCY, ENERGY EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTS, ENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURES, ENERGY EXTRACTION, ENERGY GENERATION, ENERGY INDUSTRIES, ENERGY PORTFOLIO, ENERGY SAVINGS, ENERGY SOURCES, EXPRESSWAYS, FERTILIZATION, FINANCIAL ANALYSIS, FINANCIAL MECHANISMS, FOREST, FOREST CARBON, FOREST CARBON STOCKS, FOREST CONSERVATION, FOREST DEGRADATION, FOREST LAND, FOREST MANAGEMENT, FORESTRY, FORESTRY ACTIVITIES, FORESTRY PROJECTS, FORESTRY SECTOR, FORESTS, FOSSIL, FOSSIL FUEL, FOSSIL FUEL POWER, FOSSIL FUEL POWER PLANTS, FOSSIL FUELS, FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE, FREIGHT, FUEL CONSUMPTION, FUEL CONVERSION, FUEL HANDLING, FUEL SWITCHING, FUGITIVE EMISSIONS, GAS FLARING, GAS FLARING REDUCTION, GAS POWER PLANTS, GAS SECTOR, GASES, GENERATION CAPACITY, GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS, GHG, GHGS, GLOBAL CARBON MARKET, GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY, GLOBAL WARMING, GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL, GREENHOUSE, GREENHOUSE GAS, GREENHOUSE GAS ASSESSMENT, GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS, GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIES, GREENHOUSE GASES, GRID ELECTRICITY, GRID EXTENSION, GRID SYSTEMS, GWP, HEAT, HFCS, HIGHWAY, HIGHWAY IMPROVEMENT, HIGHWAYS, HOT WATER, HYDROFLUOROCARBONS, HYDROPOWER, IMPROVEMENTS IN ENERGY EFFICIENCY, INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INVESTMENT DECISIONS, IPCC, KEROSENE, KILOWATT HOUR, LAND USE, LAND USE CHANGE, LAND-USE CHANGE, LIGHT RAIL, LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT, LIGHTNING, LOW-CARBON, MASS RAPID TRANSIT, METHANE, METHANE EMISSIONS, MODAL SHIFT, N2O, NATURAL GAS, NATURAL GAS PROCESSING, NITROGEN, NITROUS OXIDE, OFFSET PROJECTS, OIL, PERFLUOROCARBONS, PFCS, PIPELINE, POLLUTANT EMISSIONS, POWER DISTRIBUTION, POWER GENERATION, POWER GENERATION CAPACITY, POWER PLANT, POWER PLANT CONSTRUCTION, POWER PLANTS, POWER PROJECT, POWER SECTOR, POWER SYSTEM, POWER SYSTEMS, RAIL PROJECTS, RAILWAY, RAILWAYS, RAPID TRANSIT PROJECT, RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEMS, RENEWABLE ENERGY, RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTS, RENEWABLE POWER, RENEWABLE SOURCES, RESIDENTIAL SECTORS, ROAD, ROAD PROJECTS, ROADS, RURAL ELECTRIFICATION, SCENARIOS, SF6, SHADOW PRICE, SOLVENTS, SULFUR, SULFUR HEXAFLUORIDE, SUPPLY OF ELECTRICITY, SUPPLY SIDE, SUSTAINABLE FOREST, SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT, THERMAL POWER, THERMAL POWER GENERATION, THERMAL POWER PLANTS, TOTAL EMISSIONS, TRAFFIC, TRANSACTION COSTS, TRANSMISSION INFRASTRUCTURE, TRANSMISSION LINE, TRANSMISSION LINES, TRANSPARENCY, TRANSPORT, TRANSPORT ACTIVITY, TRANSPORT EMISSIONS, TRANSPORT SECTOR, TRANSPORTATION, UNEP, URBAN RAIL, URBAN ROADS, VOLTAGE, WATER HEATER, WIND, WIND FARMS, WIND POWER, ZERO EMISSION