Internationalizing Sub-Saharan            Africa’s Education and Health Services

Dihel, Nora Carina; Goswami, Arti Grover

Internationalizing Sub-Saharan Africa’s Education and Health Services

Autores

Dihel, Nora Carina

Goswami, Arti Grover

Editor

World Bank, Washington, DC

Descripción

This paper summarizes the nature and determinants of trade in education and health services in a selected group of countries in Eastern and Southern Africa, using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. The paper presents results from new, innovative data collection methods, such as crowdsourcing, to shed some light on the magnitude, determinants, and restrictions on intra-African trade in education and health services. Assessments of trade and regulatory barriers, based on results from regulatory surveys conducted in selected East African countries, and case studies of success stories and less favorable experiences are then used to develop policy recommendations for using trade and regional integration more strategically to improve outcomes in education and health. The analysis shows that to turn these sectors around, policy action is required in the areas of education, domestic regulation, trade policy, labor mobility, and information and communications technologies at the national and international levels. To retain some of the scarce health workers in the region and enhance the region’s competitiveness in providing education and health services, African countries should allow for freer mobility of teachers and health care professionals.

Palabras clave

EMPLOYMENT, RISKS, VIRTUAL UNIVERSITIES, UNIVERSITY DEGREE, COLLEGE, BRAIN DRAIN, TEACHERS, HIGHER LEARNING, ACADEMIC STAFF, SKILLED WORKERS, KNOWLEDGE SHARING, CAREER DEVELOPMENT, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, TERTIARY ENROLLMENT, PHARMACISTS, GLOBAL KNOWLEDGE, STUDENT LOAN SCHEMES, GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS, LAWS, TUITION, ADEQUATE EDUCATION, ACADEMIC MANAGEMENT, LEARNING CENTERS, HEALTH CARE, INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION, CAREER, HIGHER EDUCATION, PAPERS, HEALTH, DISTANCE LEARNING, SKILLED PROFESSIONALS, FOREIGN PROFESSIONALS, COLLEGES, DISCIPLINES, MINISTRIES OF EDUCATION, INFORMATION SYSTEMS, QUALITY TEACHING, EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION, HIGHER EDUCATION SECTOR, ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS, INFORMATION ASYMMETRIES, FACULTY, RESEARCH INCENTIVES, PUBLIC HEALTH, DAY CARE, HIGH SCHOOLS, RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS, PROFESSORS, EDUCATION SECTOR, KNOWLEDGE, PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES, LEARNING ENVIRONMENT, RESEARCH UNIVERSITIES, UNIVERSITY COUNCIL, TERTIARY EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS, DISTANCE LEARNING INSTITUTIONS, CENTERS OF EXCELLENCE, EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTES, QUALITY OF EDUCATION, TRAINING, TELECOMMUNICATIONS, ACCREDITATION MECHANISMS, PATIENTS, PATIENT, GRADUATE, DISTANCE LEARNING PROGRAMS, INSTITUTIONAL ACCREDITATION, HEALTH INDICATORS, ACCESS TO HIGHER EDUCATION, RESEARCH REPORT, SCHOLARSHIPS, FOREIGN STUDENTS, COST OF EDUCATION, NURSES, MIGRATION, MINISTRIES, HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS, SCHOLARS, PROFESSIONAL EXAMINATIONS, MARKETING, LEARNING, MEDICAL SCHOOL, GRADUATES, RESEARCH, PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS, TRADE IN EDUCATION SERVICES, INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION, UNIVERSITY EDUCATION, EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM, TEACHING, MIGRANTS, HIGHER EDUCATION QUALITY, FOREIGN UNIVERSITIES, STUDENT LOANS, MEDICAL TREATMENT, ACCESS TO INFORMATION, HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEMS, EDUCATION SYSTEMS, MEDICAL EDUCATION, DIASPORA, HUMAN CAPITAL, PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION, WORKERS, STUDENT POPULATION, EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS, SURGERY, GLOBAL MARKET, SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY LEVEL, SOCIAL SERVICES, IMMIGRATION LAWS, TUITION FEES, STUDENT ENROLLMENTS, STUDENT, SCHOOLS, SURVEILLANCE, STUDENT MOBILITY, COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES, PRIVATE UNIVERSITIES, MEDICAL SPECIALISTS, HEALTH POLICY, MEDICAL SERVICES, DISTANCE EDUCATION, DEGREE REQUIREMENTS, RESEARCHERS, PRIVATE EDUCATION, EXPENDITURES, BOARD OF DIRECTORS, UNIVERSITY LEADERSHIP, SOCIAL SCIENCE, DECISION MAKING, EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS, TECHNICAL COLLEGES, CAREERS, INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS, CURRICULUM, TEACHER, ACCREDITATION SYSTEMS, BUSINESS SCHOOL, INTERNET, REGIONAL UNIVERSITIES, ACCREDITATION, HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS, PHYSICIANS, COMMUNICABLE DISEASES, CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT, ACADEMIC PROGRAMS, STUDENT LOAN, CLINICS, PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS, INSTITUTES, HUMAN RESOURCES, RESEARCH UNIVERSITY, WELLNESS, INSTRUCTION, SCHOLARSHIP PROGRAM, HUMAN CAPITAL INVESTMENT, MEDICAL DOCTORS, UNIVERSITY, STUDENTS, QUALITY ASSURANCE, ACCREDITATION BODIES, STRATEGY, INTERNATIONAL HIGHER EDUCATION, REGISTRATION, FAMILIES, DEGREES, PROFESSIONAL QUALIFICATIONS, HOSPITALS, SCHOOL, SECONDARY EDUCATION, TERTIARY EDUCATION, HEALTH SERVICES, IMPLEMENTATION, TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS, INTERPRETERS, PRIVATE SECTOR INVOLVEMENT, NURSING, MEDICAL SCHOOLS, UNIVERSITIES