Physicochemical characterization, determination of total concentration and estimation of bioaccessible fraction of elements in fruit functional flours.
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Abstract: The total concentrations and the bioaccessible fractions of macro, micro, and potentially toxic trace elements in fruit functional flours were evaluated using inductively coupled plasma techniques (ICP OES and ICP-MS). Fruit flours from açaí, apple, blackberry, coconut, green banana, strawberry, orange, passion fruit and grape were submitted to microwave-assisted and in vitro digestion methods, and As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, P, Pb, S, Se, V and Zn were determined. Samples were also analyzed to determine physicochemical parameters. Granulometries and moisture were generally smaller than 500 µm and 15%, respectively. pH was in the 3.2–6.2 range, and titratable acidities were usually lower than 3%. High protein (133–174 g kg-1) and fat (105–192 g kg-1) contents were found for grape and coconut flours, while ashes up to 7.5% were observed for passion fruit flour. Total concentrations determined by ICP OES (mg kg-1) were in the 312 – 5199 (Ca), 167 – 2774 (Mg), 1512 – 26868 (K), 262 – 4912 (P), 121 – 1705 (S), 7.9 – 134 (Fe), 4.4 – 100.5 (Mn) and 4 – 42 (Zn). For ICP-MS concentrations were lower than the LOQ for As, Cd, Se and V, and situated between 0.39–1.41 (Cr); 0.73–96.04 (Cu); 0.35–3.09 (Ni); 0.34–0.68 (Mo); 0.41–47.82 (Ba); and 0.18– 0.36 (Pb) mg kg-1. Accuracies were checked by analyzing a certified reference material and spiked samples from in vitro digestates, with good recoveries and adequate precision often obtained. Bioaccessible fractions were between 14.5–93.6 % (Ca), 9.7–94.5% (Mg), 7.9–83.2% (Mn), and 6.3–138% (Zn), 9.1–115% (Cr), 15.9–62% (Cu), 2.66–66% (Mo), 0.5–4.47% (Ni) and 7–77.3% (Ba). K, P, and S were not determined due to high blank values, and As, Cd, Pb, Se, and V were lower than the LOQ.
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Functional flour, Inductively coupled plasma, Elemental analysis, Farinha, Fruta, Propriedade Físico-Química, In vitro digestion