Place and Child Health : The Interaction of Population Density and Sanitation in Developing Countries
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World Bank Group, Washington, DC
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A long literature in demography debates
the importance of place for health. This paper assesses
whether the importance of dense settlement for child
mortality and child height is moderated by exposure to local
sanitation behavior. Is open defecation, without a toilet or
latrine, worse for infant mortality and child height where
population density is greater? Is poor sanitation an
important mechanism by which population density in?uences
health outcomes? The paper uses newly assembled data sets to
present two complementary analyses, which represent di?erent
points in a trade-o? between external and internal validity.
The first analysis concentrates on external validity by
studying infant mortality and child height in a large,
international child-level data set of 172 Demographic and
Health Surveys, matched to census population density data
for 1,800 subnational regions. The second analysis
concentrates on internal validity by studying child height
in Bangladeshi districts, with a new data set constructed
with Geographic Information System techniques, and controls
for ?xed e?ects at a high level of geographic resolution.
The paper ?nds a statistically robust and quantitatively
comparable interaction between sanitation and population
density with both approaches: open defecation externalities
are more important for child health outcomes where people
live more closely together.
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE, ACCESS TO HEALTH SERVICES, BREASTFEEDING, BULLETIN, CENSUS DATA, CENSUSES, CENTER FOR HEALTH, CHEMOTHERAPY, CHILD HEALTH, CHILD HEALTH OUTCOMES, CHILD MALNUTRITION, CHILD MORTALITY, CHILD SURVIVAL, CHILDBEARING, CHILDBEARING AGE, CHOLERA, CITIES, DEMOGRAPHERS, DEMOGRAPHIC DATA, DEMOGRAPHIC RESEARCH, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, DIARRHEA, DISEASE CONTROL, DOCTORS, DRINKING WATER, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES, EDUCATED MOTHERS, ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH, EPIDEMIC, EXTERNALITIES, EXTERNALITY, HEALTH CONSEQUENCES, HEALTH INVESTMENTS, HEALTH OUTCOMES, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, HYGIENE, IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH, INCOME, INDEXES, INFANT, INFANT DEATHS, INFANT HEALTH, INFANT MORTALITY, INFANT MORTALITY ESTIMATES, INFANT MORTALITY RATE, INFANTS, INFECTION, INFECTIOUS DISEASES, INFORMATION SYSTEM, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY, LIVE BIRTHS, LOCAL POPULATION, MALNUTRITION, MATERNAL CARE, MATERNAL HEALTH, MATERNAL HEALTH CARE, MATERNAL NUTRITION, MEDICINES, MORTALITY DIFFERENTIALS, MOTHER, MULTIPLE BIRTH, MULTIPLE BIRTHS, NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, NATIONAL POPULATION, OFFICE OF POPULATION, PARASITES, POLICY DECISIONS, POLICY DISCUSSIONS, POLICY RESEARCH, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER, POLIO, POLIO ERADICATION, POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT, POPULATION CENSUS, POPULATION DENSITY, POPULATION ESTIMATES, POPULATION HEALTH, POPULATION RESEARCH, POPULATION STUDIES, PROBABILITY, PROGRESS, PUBLIC HEALTH, RADIO, RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POPULATION, RURAL AREAS, RURAL POPULATION, SANITATION, SEX, SOCIAL SCIENCE, SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, SPILLOVER, STUNTING, SURVIVAL ADVANTAGE, TELEVISION, TV, UNDERNUTRITION, UNIONS, URBAN AREAS, URBAN POVERTY, URBANIZATION, WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, YOUNG CHILDREN