Economic Growth in Egypt

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dc.creatorEl Beblawi, Hazem
dc.date2017-08-28T21:08:59Z
dc.date2017-08-28T21:08:59Z
dc.date2008
dc.date.accessioned2026-07-01T01:02:52Z
dc.descriptionThe paper focuses its analysis on the last three decades of the twentieth century. The basic assumption is that Egypt's economic performance during this period was less than satisfactory compared with the most successful examples in the far East and elsewhere. The paper also assumes that Egypt's initial conditions at midcentury compared favorably with the winners in the development race at the end of the century. Egypt has achieved positive progress, no doubt, yet compared with the higher performers in Asia, and given its favorable good initial conditions, the record seems quite mediocre. By mid-twentieth century, Egypt's agriculture had almost reached its limits. Egypt, therefore, faced a new challenge: a need to transform itself into an industrial society. This objective was only partially achieved. The paper identifies three interrelated factors that helped hinder Egypt's accession to a new industrial society. The first factor is a strong state and a weak society. An authoritarian state that in its endeavor to preserve its prerogatives had to give up good governance practices and limit the creative initiative of the individuals. The second factor is a semi-rentier economy. The availability of windfall revenues not only reduced the pressure for change but also promoted a new rentier mentality that undermined the emergence of an industrial spirit. The third factor is an inadequate education system. This system failed to provide the proper skills and values required for the industrial society. These factors, moreover, are interdependent and reinforce each other.
dc.formatapplication/pdf
dc.formattext/plain
dc.identifierhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/457861468024586289/Economic-growth-in-Egypt-impediments-and-constraints-1974-2004
dc.identifierhttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/28047
dc.identifierhttps://doi.org/10.1596/28047
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/123456789/414660
dc.languageEnglish
dc.languageen_US
dc.publisherWorld Bank, Washington, DC
dc.relationCommission on Growth and Development Working Paper;No. 14
dc.rightsCC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rightshttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo
dc.rightsWorld Bank
dc.subjectACCESS TO EDUCATION
dc.subjectACCOUNTABILITY
dc.subjectACCOUNTING
dc.subjectADULT LITERACY
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectAGRICULTURE PRODUCTION
dc.subjectAPPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY
dc.subjectBAD GOVERNANCE
dc.subjectBENEFICIARIES
dc.subjectBLACK MARKET
dc.subjectBLACK MARKETS
dc.subjectBOTH SEXES
dc.subjectBUDGET DEFICIT
dc.subjectBUREAUCRACY
dc.subjectCAPITAL FLOWS
dc.subjectCASH TRANSFERS
dc.subjectCENTRAL BANK
dc.subjectCENTRAL PLANNING
dc.subjectCIVIL CODE
dc.subjectCIVIL SOCIETY
dc.subjectCIVIL WAR
dc.subjectCLIMATE CHANGE
dc.subjectCOLONIES
dc.subjectCOMMODITY PRICES
dc.subjectCONSENSUS
dc.subjectCONSTITUTION
dc.subjectCONSUMER GOODS
dc.subjectCORRUPTION
dc.subjectCREDIBILITY
dc.subjectCREDITWORTHINESS
dc.subjectDEBT
dc.subjectDECISION MAKERS
dc.subjectDECISION-MAKING
dc.subjectDECISION-MAKING PROCESS
dc.subjectDEMOCRACY
dc.subjectDEMOCRATIZATION
dc.subjectDEVELOPING COUNTRIES
dc.subjectDEVELOPMENT BANK
dc.subjectDEVELOPMENT EFFORTS
dc.subjectDICTATORS
dc.subjectDIMINISHING RETURNS
dc.subjectDROPOUT
dc.subjectECONOMIC BEHAVIOR
dc.subjectECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS
dc.subjectECONOMIC FREEDOM
dc.subjectECONOMIC GROWTH
dc.subjectECONOMIC LIBERALIZATION
dc.subjectECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES
dc.subjectECONOMIC PERFORMANCE
dc.subjectECONOMIC PROGRESS
dc.subjectECONOMIC REFORMS
dc.subjectEMERGING MARKET
dc.subjectEMERGING MARKET ECONOMIES
dc.subjectENERGY CONSUMPTION
dc.subjectEQUIPMENT
dc.subjectERADICATION OF ILLITERACY
dc.subjectEXCHANGE OF INFORMATION
dc.subjectEXPLOITATION
dc.subjectEXPORTER
dc.subjectFEMALE EDUCATION
dc.subjectFINANCIAL ASSISTANCE
dc.subjectFINANCIAL BENEFITS
dc.subjectFINANCIAL CRISIS
dc.subjectFINANCIAL INFORMATION
dc.subjectFINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
dc.subjectFINANCIAL RESOURCES
dc.subjectFINANCIAL STATEMENTS
dc.subjectFINANCIAL SUPPORT
dc.subjectFISCAL POLICIES
dc.subjectFLOW OF INFORMATION
dc.subjectFOREIGN AID
dc.subjectFOREIGN COMPETITION
dc.subjectFOREIGN DEBT
dc.subjectFOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT
dc.subjectFOREIGN EXCHANGE
dc.subjectFOREIGN EXCHANGES
dc.subjectFOREIGN INVESTORS
dc.subjectFOREIGN POLICY
dc.subjectFOREIGN TRADE
dc.subjectFRAUD
dc.subjectFREE PRESS
dc.subjectFUTURE GENERATIONS
dc.subjectGLOBALIZATION
dc.subjectGOOD GOVERNANCE
dc.subjectGOVERNANCE DEFICIT
dc.subjectGOVERNANCE INDICATOR
dc.subjectGOVERNANCE INDICATORS
dc.subjectGOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS
dc.subjectGOVERNMENT EFFECTIVENESS
dc.subjectGOVERNMENT MANAGEMENT
dc.subjectGOVERNMENTAL DEPARTMENTS
dc.subjectGROWTH RATES
dc.subjectHEAD OF STATE
dc.subjectHOLDING
dc.subjectHOST COUNTRIES
dc.subjectHUMAN DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectHUMAN RIGHTS
dc.subjectILLITERACY
dc.subjectILLITERATE POPULATION
dc.subjectIMMUNITY
dc.subjectIMPACT OF EDUCATION
dc.subjectIMPERIALISM
dc.subjectINCOME
dc.subjectINDEBTEDNESS
dc.subjectINDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
dc.subjectINDUSTRIALIZATION
dc.subjectINFLATION
dc.subjectINSURANCE
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL BANK
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL POLITICS
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL TRADE
dc.subjectJUDICIAL SYSTEM
dc.subjectJUDICIARY
dc.subjectLACK OF TRANSPARENCY
dc.subjectLAND OWNERSHIP
dc.subjectLEGAL STATUS
dc.subjectLEGITIMACY
dc.subjectLEVEL OF EDUCATION
dc.subjectLIFE EXPECTANCY
dc.subjectLIQUID MONEY
dc.subjectLIQUIDITY
dc.subjectLOCAL AUTHORITIES
dc.subjectLOCAL CURRENCY
dc.subjectMALTHUSIAN TRAP
dc.subjectMARKET ECONOMIES
dc.subjectMARKET ECONOMY
dc.subjectMIGRANT
dc.subjectMIGRATION
dc.subjectMILITARY REGIME
dc.subjectMINISTERS
dc.subjectMINISTRY OF INFORMATION
dc.subjectMODERNIZATION
dc.subjectMONARCHY
dc.subjectMONETARY FUND
dc.subjectMULTILATERAL INSTITUTIONS
dc.subjectNATIONAL PRIORITIES
dc.subjectNATIONAL SECURITY
dc.subjectNATIONALIZATION
dc.subjectNATURAL GAS
dc.subjectNATURAL RESOURCE
dc.subjectNATURAL RESOURCES
dc.subjectNEWBORN
dc.subjectNUTRITION
dc.subjectOIL
dc.subjectOIL PRICE
dc.subjectOIL PRICES
dc.subjectOIL RESOURCES
dc.subjectOPEC
dc.subjectOPEN DOOR
dc.subjectPARLIAMENT
dc.subjectPOLICY MAKERS
dc.subjectPOLITICAL ACCOUNTABILITY
dc.subjectPOLITICAL DECISION
dc.subjectPOLITICAL ELITE
dc.subjectPOLITICAL INSTABILITY
dc.subjectPOLITICAL PARTIES
dc.subjectPOLITICAL POWER
dc.subjectPOLITICAL STABILITY
dc.subjectPOLITICAL SYSTEM
dc.subjectPOLITICIANS
dc.subjectPOOR PERFORMANCE
dc.subjectPOPULAR SUPPORT
dc.subjectPOPULATION DENSITIES
dc.subjectPOPULATION GROWTH
dc.subjectPOPULATION PROBLEM
dc.subjectPORTFOLIO
dc.subjectPRACTITIONERS
dc.subjectPRIMARY SCHOOL
dc.subjectPRIME MINISTER
dc.subjectPRIVATE SCHOOLS
dc.subjectPRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION
dc.subjectPRODUCERS
dc.subjectPROGRESS
dc.subjectPROPAGANDA
dc.subjectPROPERTY RIGHTS
dc.subjectPUBLIC DEBT
dc.subjectPUBLIC DEBTS
dc.subjectPUBLIC OPINION
dc.subjectPUBLIC SECTOR
dc.subjectPUBLIC SECTOR BANKS
dc.subjectPUBLIC SERVICES
dc.subjectPUBLIC WELFARE
dc.subjectQUALITY EDUCATION
dc.subjectQUALITY OF EDUCATION
dc.subjectQUANTITATIVE INDICATORS
dc.subjectRADIO
dc.subjectRATE OF GROWTH
dc.subjectRATES OF GROWTH
dc.subjectRATIONALIZATION
dc.subjectREAL EXCHANGE RATE
dc.subjectRECIPIENT COUNTRY
dc.subjectREGULATORY QUALITY
dc.subjectREMITTANCES
dc.subjectREPRESENTATIVES
dc.subjectREPUBLICS
dc.subjectRESERVES
dc.subjectRESOURCE CURSE
dc.subjectRESPECT
dc.subjectRULE OF LAW
dc.subjectSCHOOL ENROLMENT
dc.subjectSECONDARY SCHOOL
dc.subjectSECONDARY SCHOOLS
dc.subjectSECURITIES
dc.subjectSEX
dc.subjectSMALL SAVERS
dc.subjectSOCIAL COMMISSION
dc.subjectSOCIAL STATUS
dc.subjectSOCIALISM
dc.subjectSOCIOECONOMIC STATUS
dc.subjectSOVEREIGNTY
dc.subjectSPOT MARKETS
dc.subjectSUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH
dc.subjectTAXATION
dc.subjectTELEVISION
dc.subjectTERRORIST
dc.subjectTRADE UNIONS
dc.subjectTRADING
dc.subjectTRANSPARENCY
dc.subjectTRUST FUNDS
dc.subjectWORKING CAPITAL
dc.titleEconomic Growth in Egypt
dc.titleImpediments and Constraints (1974-2004)
dc.typeWorking Paper
dc.typeDocument de travail
dc.typeDocumento de trabajo

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