Non-Traditional Crops, Traditional Constraints : The Adoption and Diffusion of Export Crops Among Guatemalan Smallholders
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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This paper uses a duration analysis
based on adoption data spanning more than 25 years from six
communities in the Central Highlands of Guatemala. The
analysis explores how household characteristics and external
trends play into both the adoption and diffusion processes
of non-traditional exports among smallholders. Adoption was
initially widespread and rapid, which led nontraditional
exports to be hailed as a pro-poor success, reaching all but
the smallest landholders. However, over time more than
two-thirds of adopters eventually dropped out of production
of nontraditional exports. Based on the analysis, production
of nontraditional exports appears to have delivered less
prosperity to adopters than initially promised. Although
smallholders may be enticed into entering into
nontraditional exports markets when conditions are
favorable, they may lack the capacity to overcome the
difficulties that inevitably arise in complex types of
cultivations and in highly variable global agricultural
markets. Governmental and non-governmental organizations can
attempt to mitigate these difficulties, but market forces
may overwhelm their efforts, with some adopters still unable
to compete in global markets.
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO CREDIT, AGRICULTURAL COOPERATIVE, AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, AGRICULTURAL INNOVATION, AGRICULTURAL INNOVATIONS, AGRICULTURAL MARKETS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY, AGRICULTURAL SEASON, AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGIES, AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY, AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION, ANALYTICAL METHODS, ANTI-POVERTY, ASSET OWNERSHIP, AVERAGE PRICE, AVERAGE PRICES, CAPITAL ASSETS, CASH CROPS, CATTLE TECHNOLOGY, CENTRAL AMERICA, CENTRAL AMERICAN, CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS, COLD WEATHER, COMMERCIALIZATION, COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE, CONSUMER PRICE, CONSUMER PRICE INDEX, CONSUMPTION LEVELS, CREDIT ACCESS, CREDIT CONSTRAINTS, CROP PRODUCTION, DAMAGES, DEBT, DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, DISECONOMIES OF SCALE, DIVERSIFICATION, DOMESTIC MARKET, DRY SEASON, DURABLE GOODS, EARNINGS, ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC RESEARCH, ECONOMIES OF SCALE, ECONOMIES OF SCOPE, EQUIPMENT, EXCHANGE RATE, EXCHANGE RATES, EXPORT CROP, EXPORT CROPS, EXPORT MARKET, EXPORTS, EXTENSION, FARM HOUSEHOLDS, FARM SIZE, FARMER, FARMERS, FERTILIZERS, FOOD PRODUCTION, FOOD SECURITY, FUNCTIONAL FORMS, GLOBAL MARKETS, HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD, HOUSEHOLD ACCESS, HOUSEHOLD HEAD, HOUSEHOLD INCOMES, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, HOUSEHOLD WELFARE, HOUSEHOLDS, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN CAPITAL ASSETS, INEQUALITY, INFLATION, INFORMATION ASYMMETRIES, INFORMATION SYSTEMS, INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT, INTERNATIONAL BANK, INTERNATIONAL MARKET, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, IRRIGATION, LAND ASSETS, LAND AVAILABILITY, LAND DEPLETION, LAND HOLDINGS, LAND OWNERSHIP, LAND PRICES, LAND QUALITY, LAND RESOURCES, LAND SHORTAGE, LAND SIZE, LIMITED ACCESS, LIQUIDITY, LIVELIHOODS, MAJORITY OF FARMERS, MALNUTRITION, MARKET ACCESS, MARKET CONDITIONS, MARKET FORCES, MARKETING, MORAL HAZARD, NEW MARKET, NEW TECHNOLOGIES, NUTRITION, PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, POOR FARMERS, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, POOR PEOPLE, POOR RURAL COMMUNITIES, POORER HOUSEHOLDS, POORER PEOPLE, POVERTY ALLEVIATION STRATEGY, POVERTY REDUCTION, PRICE CHANGES, PRICE DECLINES, PRICE FLUCTUATIONS, PRICE INCENTIVES, PRICE TREND, PRICE UNCERTAINTY, PRODUCT QUALITY, PRODUCTION COSTS, PROFITABILITY, RISK AVERSION, RISK MANAGEMENT, RURAL DEVELOPMENT, RURAL POOR, SCHOOLING, SCIENTISTS, SMALLHOLDER, SMALLHOLDERS, SOURCE OF CREDIT, SPREAD, SUBSTITUTE, SUSTAINABLE POVERTY ALLEVIATION, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, UNEMPLOYMENT, VEGETABLE CROPS, VEGETABLES, VILLAGE, VILLAGE LEVEL, WEALTH