Fighting the Population/Agriculture/Environment Nexus in Sub-Saharan Africa
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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Over the past thirty years, most of
Sub-Saharan Africa has seen rapid population growth, poor
agricultural performance, and increasing environmental
degradation. Why do these problems seem so intractable? Are
they connected? Do they reinforce each other? If so, what
are the critical links? This book tests the hypothesis that
these phenomena are strongly interrelated. The finding -
that this nexus is very much at work in Sub-Saharan Africa -
tells us that the design of development efforts must come to
reflect this reality. Key links are found in traditional
crop and livestock production methods, land tenure systems,
women's responsibilities, traditional family planning
mechanisms, and methods of forest resource utilization.
Traditional systems and practices, well suited to
people's survival needs when population densities were
low, were able to evolve in response to slow population
growth. But with the acceleration of population growth in
the 1950's, traditional ways came under increasing
strain resulting in the triad of problems addressed here.
Solutions are complex. Effective responses have not been
forthcoming from international and donor communities, except
on a very limited scale in a few places. This study assesses
succesful and failed interventions. With that base it
recommends concrete and implementable strategies to
intensify agriculture, increase demand for smaller families,
reform land tenure practices, conserve the environment, and
address the problems of women.
Palabras clave
AFRICAN FARMERS, AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT, AGRICULTURAL GROWTH, AGRICULTURAL INTENSIFICATION, AGRICULTURAL MARKETING, AGRICULTURAL PROBLEMS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY, AGRICULTURE, ARABLE LAND, BIODIVERSITY, CHILD MORTALITY, CHILD MORTALITY RATES, CULTIVATION, DEFORESTATION, DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION, DISEASES, ECONOMIC CONDITIONS, ECONOMIC EQUILIBRIUM, EFFECTIVE DEMAND, ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION, ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, EROSION, EXCHANGE RATE, EXPLOITATION, EXTENSION, EXTENSION SERVICES, FARMERS, FARMING, FARMS, FERTILIZERS, FOOD INSECURITY, FOOD PRODUCTION, FOOD SECURITY, FOREST, FOREST AREAS, FOREST COVER, FOREST DESTRUCTION, FOREST DWELLING, FOREST LANDS, FOREST PRODUCTS, FOREST RESOURCES, FORESTRY, FORESTS, HOUSEHOLDS, IMPORTS, INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS, INNOVATION, LABOR PRODUCTIVITY, LAND DEGRADATION, LAND OWNERS, LAND RIGHTS, LAND TENURE, LAND USE, LAND USE PRACTICES, LANDS, LIVESTOCK, LOCAL COMMUNITIES, LOCAL COMMUNITY, LOGGING, MORTALITY RATES, NATURAL RESOURCE, NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, NATURAL RESOURCES, NGOS, POLLUTION, POPULATION DENSITIES, POPULATION GROWTH, PRODUCTIVITY, RESOURCE CONSERVATION, RESOURCE OWNERSHIP, RIVER BASINS, RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE, RURAL POVERTY, RURAL ROADS, RURAL WATER, RURAL WATER SUPPLY, SANITATION FACILITIES, SOIL DEGRADATION, SOIL FERTILITY, SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE, URBAN CENTERS, WATER DEVELOPMENT, WATER RESOURCES, WATER SCARCITY, WATER SHORTAGES, WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS, WATER USE, WATERSHEDS, WILDLIFE, WOOD, WOOD PRODUCTION, WOODLAND, WOODLANDS FAMILY PLANNING, LAND TENURE, WOMEN'S ROLE, CROPS, ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION, POPULATION PRESSURE, POPULATION INCREASE, FOOD SECURITY, NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS, ECONOMIC ANALYSIS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY, PASTORALISM, CULTIVATION PRACTICES, HOUSEHOLD MANAGEMENT, LAND TENURE, FOREST MANAGEMENT, FERTILITY RATES, ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, FUELWOOD DEVELOPMENT, SETTLEMENT POLICY, WATER MANAGEMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, WOMEN'S ROLE IN HOUSEHOLD, LIVESTOCK PRODUCTIVITY