Immunogenicity of Theileria parva p67C Antigen Delivered via Adjuvanted CoPoP Liposomes in Cattle and Mice

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dc.creatorOboge, Harriet
dc.creatorHuang, W.C.
dc.creatorAboge, G.
dc.creatorChege, Hannah
dc.creatorOjuok, Rose
dc.creatorChege, Naomi
dc.creatorMusando, J.
dc.creatorPoole, E.J.
dc.creatorThumbi, S.M.
dc.creatorNene, Vishvanath M.
dc.creatorLovell, J.F.
dc.creatorLacasta, Anna
dc.date2026-05-20
dc.date2026-06-09T05:51:42Z
dc.date.accessioned2026-06-27T16:55:28Z
dc.descriptionBackground: Effective vaccines are essential to overcome the limitations of livestock immunisation, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where scalable, thermostable, and easy-to-administer solutions are needed. Nanoparticle-based delivery systems, such as the Spontaneous Nanoliposome Antigen Particle (SNAP) technology using CoPoP liposomes, offer a promising alternative for subunit vaccine development, although their performance in large animal species remains poorly characterised. CoPoP enables the rapid non-covalent multimeric display of His-tagged protein antigens combined with immunomodulators on liposomes incorporating cobalt porphyrin–phospholipid (CoPoP). Objective: To evaluate the immunogenicity of CoPoP-based liposomes delivering the Theileria parva p67C antigen in cattle and compare their performance in murine models. Methods: Cattle and mice were immunised with p67C formulated in CoPoP liposomes incorporating QS-21 and/or PHAD immunomodulators. Humoral and cellular responses were assessed. Parallel in vitro stimulation of bovine PBMC with Quil-A was used to investigate the mechanistic effects of saponins on bovine cells. Results: CoPoP liposome formulations did not improve p67C immunogenicity in cattle, with antibody responses at least two-fold lower than previously reported results and no detectable cellular responses. In contrast, the same platform induced up to 2000-fold higher antibody titres in mice. This disparity is likely driven by differences in antigen dose relative to body mass, tissue architecture, lymphatic accessibility, and innate immune signalling differences. PHAD-mediated TLR4 activation appeared less effective in cattle, whereas QS-21 induced a broader immune activation, likely through conserved inflammasome pathways. Despite limited immunogenicity, antigen presentation by CoPoP liposomes was preserved. Conclusions: SNAP-based CoPoP liposomes showed strong immunogenicity in mice but limited efficacy in cattle, highlighting the challenges of cross-species translation. Optimisation of antigen dose and adjuvant selection for the targeted species is required, with QS-21 representing a more promising candidate than the TLR4 agonist. The scalability and versatility of SNAP technology support its continued development for multivalent livestock vaccines.
dc.identifierhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/183254
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/123456789/137187
dc.languageen
dc.rightsOpen Access
dc.sourceOboge, H., Huang, W.C., Aboge, G., Chege, H., Ojuok, R., Chege, N., Musando, J., Poole, E.J., Thumbi, S.M., Nene, V., Lovell, J.F. and Lacasta, A. 2026. Immunogenicity of Theileria parva p67C Antigen Delivered via Adjuvanted CoPoP Liposomes in Cattle and Mice. Vaccines (Basel).14(5),459.
dc.subjectanimals
dc.subjectcattle
dc.subjectlivestock
dc.subjecttheileria parva
dc.subjectvaccines
dc.titleImmunogenicity of Theileria parva p67C Antigen Delivered via Adjuvanted CoPoP Liposomes in Cattle and Mice
dc.typeJournal Article

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Instituto Internacional de Investigaciones Pecuarias (ILRI)