Armenia : Poverty Assessment, Volume 1. A Summary of Findings
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Washington, DC
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This report reviews poverty in Armenia
in 2001, and examines the most recent trends covering the
1998/99 to 2001 period. It looks at the determinants of
poverty, and analyzes linkages between economic growth,
sector policies and poverty. The findings are based on two
rounds of the Armenia Integrated Living Conditions Survey
(ILCS), one carried out in 1998/99, and the other in 2001.
The report has contributed to the development of
Armenia's national strategy for growth and poverty
reduction. Poverty is high in Armenia, with an estimated 48
percent of the population below the poverty line in 2001.
Despite some 20 percent still living in extreme poverty,
there has been nonetheless, a significant decline in
poverty, as poverty incidence dropped by 12 percent, and
extreme poverty incidence by 25 percent from their
respective levels in 1998/99. There is a strong correlation
between poverty and low educational attainment, while the
unemployed and non-participants in the labor market, face
the highest poverty risk, depth and severity of poverty. In
rural areas, poverty is positively correlated with the size
of landholdings. The drop in poverty reflects a decline in
urban poverty since 1998/99. Rural poverty has increased
slightly. Yerevan, the capital and largest urban area in
Armenia, registered the most significant reduction in
poverty, as poverty incidence there dropped by 23 percent
and extreme poverty by over a third, to 45 percent and 20
percent, respectively. While poverty in other urban areas
also decreased, their poverty incidence still remains above
the national rate, at 52 percent. Poverty incidence is now
roughly the same in urban and rural areas, 48.5 percent and
47.9 percent, respectively. Government policies aimed at
macroeconomic stability and diversification of the economy
should be pursued, and, recommendations further include
increasing the level and quality of education, and ensuring
better health for all, critical to reduce poverty.
Concerning social protection, consideration should be given
to expanding it to cover most of the extremely poor, as well
as refining targeting mechanisms.
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO EDUCATION, ADEQUATE EDUCATION, ADEQUATE HOUSING, ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS, AFFORDABILITY, AGE GROUPS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS, ANNUAL GROWTH, BASIC EDUCATION, CHARITY, COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE, COMPULSORY BASIC EDUCATION, CONSUMPTION AGGREGATE, CONSUMPTION QUINTILES, CREDIT PROGRAMS, CURRICULA, DECLINE IN POVERTY, DETERMINANTS OF POVERTY, DIMENSIONS OF POVERTY, DIVERSIFICATION, DROP IN POVERTY, ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, EDUCATION, EDUCATION INITIATIVES, EDUCATION LEVEL, EDUCATION SERVICES, EDUCATION STANDARDS, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, ENROLLMENT RATE, ENROLLMENT RATES, ENROLMENT RATE, ENROLMENTS, EQUITABLE ACCESS, EXAM, EXTREME POVERTY, FAMILY BENEFITS, FAMILY FARMS, FAMILY POVERTY, FAMILY POVERTY BENEFIT, FARM ACTIVITIES, FARM EMPLOYMENT, FARM INCOME, FARM INCOMES, FARM LABOR, FARM WORK, FARMERS, FARMLAND, FEES FOR PRIVATE TUTORING, FEMALE-HEADED HOUSEHOLDS, FOOD CONSUMPTION, GDP, GINI COEFFICIENT, GROWTH EFFECT, GROWTH PERFORMANCE, GROWTH PROCESS, GROWTH RATE, GROWTH RATES, HEALTH CARE, HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION, HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION, HOUSEHOLD HEAD, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSEHOLD INCOMES, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, HOUSEHOLDS WITH CHILDREN, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, INCOME GROUPS, INCOME INEQUALITY, INFANT MORTALITY, INFANT MORTALITY RATE, INSTRUCTION, INTERVENTIONS, INVESTMENT CLIMATE, IRRIGATION, LABOR MARKET, LAND REFORM, LANDHOLDINGS, LEARNING, LOW ENROLLMENT RATES, MACROECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT, MACROECONOMIC POLICIES, MACROECONOMIC STABILITY, MACROECONOMIC STABILIZATION, MARKET ECONOMIES, MATERNAL MORTALITY, MEDIUM TERM, MICRO-CREDIT, NET ENROLLMENT, NON-INCOME DIMENSIONS, NON-POOR HOUSEHOLDS, PARTICIPATION RATES, PER CAPITA INCOME, PER CAPITA INCOME LEVELS, PER CAPITA INCOMES, POOR AREAS, POOR CHILDREN, POOR EDUCATION, POOR FAMILIES, POOR GIRLS, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, POOR POPULATION, POORER FAMILIES, POST-PRIMARY EDUCATION, POVERTY, POVERTY ANALYSIS, POVERTY ASSESSMENT, POVERTY ASSESSMENTS, POVERTY GAP, POVERTY INCIDENCE, POVERTY INDICATORS, POVERTY LINE, POVERTY MEASURES, POVERTY PROFILE, POVERTY RATES, POVERTY REDUCTION, POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY, POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY PAPER, POVERTY RISK, POVERTY RISK, PRE-SCHOOL EDUCATION, PRIMARY EDUCATION, PRIVATE TRANSFERS, PRO-POOR, PUBLIC EXPENDITURE, PUBLIC EXPENDITURES, PUBLIC SECTOR, PUBLIC SPENDING, QUALITY OF EDUCATION, RAPID GROWTH, REDUCING POVERTY, REDUCTION IN POVERTY, REFORM POLICIES, RURAL AREAS, RURAL ECONOMY, RURAL HOUSEHOLD, RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, RURAL POPULATION, RURAL POVERTY, RURAL SETTINGS, SAFETY NET, SAVINGS, SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN, SCHOOLS, SECTOR ACTIVITY, SELF-EMPLOYMENT, SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION, SOCIAL ASSISTANCE, SOCIAL PROTECTION, SQUARED POVERTY GAP, STATE ENTERPRISES, STRUCTURAL REFORMS, SUBSISTENCE, TARGETING, TEACHER MORALE, TEACHER TRAINING, TEACHING, TEACHING MATERIALS, TEXTBOOKS, TRAINING PROGRAMS, TRANSITION COUNTRIES, UNEMPLOYMENT, URBAN AREAS, URBAN POVERTY, VOCATIONAL EDUCATION, VULNERABLE HOUSEHOLDS