Environmental Valuation and Greening the National Accounts : Challenges and Initial Practical Steps
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The national accounts are the single
most important source of information about the economy, and
are widely used in all countries to assess economic
performance and for policy analysis. However, the national
accounts have a number of well-known shortcomings when it
comes to treatment of the environment. For example, while
the income from harvesting timber is recorded in national
accounts, the simultaneous depletion of natural forest
assets is not; perhaps more importantly, essential
life-support services provided by forest ecosystems are not
explicitly recognized at all. Environmental accounts
'greening the national accounts' have been
developed to address the shortcomings of the national
accounts, but valuation of environmental services has been
controversial.The development of methods to value
environmental goods and services continues to evolve apace.
In an increasing number of countries, the practical uptake
of these methods has accelerated in numerous areas of public
policy that have environmental consequences. One policy
related domain, however, where this uptake has been largely
conspicuous by its absence is national accounting. In this
paper, we hope to make the case that there is an opportunity
to address this situation.
Palabras clave
ADVERSE CONSEQUENCES, AGRICULTURE, AIR, AIR POLLUTANTS, AIR POLLUTION, AIR QUALITY, AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT, AMBIENT CONCENTRATIONS, AMMONIA, ANXIETY, ASSET VALUATION, ASSET VALUE, ASSETS, ATMOSPHERE, BIOMASS, CANCER, CARBON, CARBON DIOXIDE, CARBON ENERGY, CARBON MONOXIDE, CARBON SEQUESTRATION, CLEAN AIR, CLIMATE, CLIMATE CHANGE, CO, CO2, COLORS, CONSUMER SURPLUS, CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES, CONTINGENT VALUATION, COST OF CARBON, COST-BENEFIT, DAMAGES, DEMAND CURVE, DISCOUNT FACTOR, DISCOUNT RATE, DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS, DRINKING WATER, DUST, ECOLOGICAL STATUS, ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, ECONOMIC ANALYSIS, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE, ECONOMIC VALUE, ECONOMIC WELFARE, ECONOMICS, ECOSYSTEM, EMISSION, EMISSIONS, EMISSIONS INVENTORIES, ENVIRONMENTAL, ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTING, ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTS, ENVIRONMENTAL AMENITIES, ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS, ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES, ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION, ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS, ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMISTS, ENVIRONMENTAL GOODS, ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES, ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY, ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES, ENVIRONMENTAL VALUATION, ENVIRONMENTAL VALUES, EROSION CONTROL, EXERCISES, EXPENDITURES, EXTERNALITIES, EXTREME EVENTS, FEASIBILITY, FISHERIES, FOOD PRODUCTION, FOREST, FOREST ECOSYSTEMS, FOREST PRODUCTS, FOREST TYPES, FORESTS, GDP, GHG, GHGS, GREEN ACCOUNTING, GREENHOUSE, GREENHOUSE GASES, HEADACHES, HEALTH CARE, HEALTH EFFECTS, HEALTH OUTCOMES, HEALTH PROBLEMS, HUMAN CAPITAL, HYDROCARBONS, IMMUNITY, INTERVENTION, INVENTORIES, INVENTORY, LAND USE, LIFE EXPECTANCY, LOWER RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS, MARGINAL ABATEMENT, MARGINAL ABATEMENT COSTS, MARKET PRICES, MONETARY TERMS, MONETARY VALUE, MONETARY VALUES, MORBIDITY, MORTALITY, NATIONAL ACCOUNTING, NATIONAL ACCOUNTS, NATIONAL INCOME, NATURAL CAPITAL, NATURAL RESOURCES, NH3, NITRATE, NITRATE PARTICLES, NITROGEN, NITROGEN DIOXIDE, NITROGEN OXIDES, NO2, NON-USE VALUES, NORMAL GOOD, NOX, NUTRIENTS, O3, OPPORTUNITY COSTS, OZONE, PARTICLES, PARTICULATE, PARTICULATE MATTER, PASSIVE USE, PM10, POLICY ANALYSIS, POLICY DECISIONS, POLICY RELEVANCE, POLLUTION CONCENTRATIONS, POPULATION DENSITIES, PORTFOLIO, PRESENT VALUE, PRODUCERS, PRODUCTION FUNCTION, PRODUCTIVITY, PURCHASING POWER, RAINFALL, RELATIVE PRICE, REPLACEMENT COSTS, SCENARIOS, SHADOW PRICE, SHADOW PRICES, SINK, SO2, SOCIAL COST OF CARBON, STATISTICAL ANALYSIS, STORM PROTECTION, SUBSTITUTION, SULPHUR, SULPHUR DIOXIDE, TIMBER, TOTAL ECONOMIC VALUE, UNCERTAINTIES, USE VALUE, VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, WATER POLLUTION, WATER QUALITY, WEALTH, WETLANDS, WILLINGNESS TO ACCEPT, WILLINGNESS TO PAY, WIND, WORKERS, WTA, WTP