Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Sub-Saharan and North Africa
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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This chapter begins with a brief summary
of economic growth and structural changes in the region
since the 1950s and of agricultural and other economic
policy developments as they affected the farm sector at the
time of and in various stages after independence from
colonial powers. The chapter then summarizes estimates of
the nominal rate of assistance (NRA) and the relative rate
of assistance (RRA) to farmers delivered by national farm
and nonfarm policies over the past several decades, as well
as the impact of these policies on the consumer prices of
farm products, using the project's methodology
(Anderson et al. 2008). The final sections point to what the
author have learned and draw out implications of the
findings, including for poverty and inequality and for
possible future directions of policies affecting
agricultural incentives in Africa.
Palabras clave
ABSOLUTE POVERTY, ABSOLUTE TERMS, AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT, AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, AGRICULTURAL LAND, AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT, AGRICULTURAL POLICY, AGRICULTURAL PRICE, AGRICULTURAL PRICES, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS, AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, AGRICULTURAL SECTORS, AGRICULTURE, AID DONORS, BORDER PRICE, CAPITAL FLOWS, CAPITAL INFLOWS, CASH CROPS, CENTRAL PLANNING, COLONIALISM, COMMODITIES, COMMODITY, COMMODITY PRICES, COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE, CONSUMER PRICES, CONSUMERS, CROPS, CUSTOMS UNION, DECLINE IN POVERTY, DEMOGRAPHIC, DEPOSITS, DEREGULATION, DEVALUATION, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPING COUNTRY, DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE, DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES, DOLLAR VALUE, DOLLAR VALUES, DOMESTIC MARKETS, DOMESTIC PRICE, DOMESTIC PRICES, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC OUTCOMES, ECONOMIC STRESSES, EXCHANGE RATE, EXCHANGE RATES, EXPENDITURE, EXPENDITURES, EXPORT SECTOR, EXPORTS, EXTENSION, EXTREME POVERTY, FARM ACTIVITIES, FARM GROWTH, FARM HOUSEHOLDS, FARM OUTPUT, FARM PRODUCTION, FARM PRODUCTS, FARM SECTOR, FARMER, FARMERS, FARMING ACTIVITIES, FISCAL DEFICITS, FOOD CONSUMERS, FOOD PRICES, FOOD STAPLES, FOREIGN EXCHANGE, FREE MARKETS, FREE TRADE, GDP, GDP PER CAPITA, GLOBAL EXPORTS, GLOBAL GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION, GOVERNMENT INTERVENTIONS, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, GROSS VALUE, INCOME, INCOME GROUP, INCOME GROWTH, INCOME INEQUALITY, INCOME LEVELS, INFLATION, INPUT PRICES, INTEGRATION, INTEREST RATES, ITC, LDCS, LIVELIHOODS, LIVESTOCK, LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS, LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES, MARKET CONDITIONS, MARKET FORCES, MARKET INCENTIVES, MARKET PRICES, MARKETING, MARKETING BOARDS, MERCHANDISE, MERCHANDISE EXPORTS, MILK, MONEY SUPPLY, MONOPOLIES, MULTILATERAL TRADE, NATIONAL INCOME, NATIONAL POVERTY, OUTPUT PER CAPITA, OUTPUTS, PER CAPITA INCOMES, POLITICAL ECONOMY, POVERTY ALLEVIATION, POVERTY INCIDENCE, POVERTY MEASURES, POVERTY REDUCTION, POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY, POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY PAPERS, PRICE COMPARISONS, PRICE DISTORTION, PRICE DISTORTIONS, PRICE POLICIES, PRICING POLICIES, PRICING POLICY, PRIVATE SECTOR, PRIVATIZATION, PRODUCER INCENTIVES, PRODUCER PRICE, PRODUCT QUALITY, PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, PUBLIC GOOD, R&D, RAPID ECONOMIC GROWTH, REAL GDP, REGIONAL AVERAGE, REGIONAL AVERAGES, RURAL AREAS, RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE, RURAL POOR, RURAL POVERTY, RURAL PUBLIC, SAFEGUARDS, SHARE OF WORLD TRADE, SMALL COUNTRIES, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, STOCKS, STRUCTURAL CHANGE, TAX, TAX RATES, TAXATION, TAXATION RATES, TRADE LIBERALIZATION, TRADE NEGOTIATIONS, TRADE POLICIES, TRADE POLICY, TRADE TAXES, URUGUAY ROUND, VALUE ADDED, WORLD DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS, WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION, WTO