Agriculture Trade and Price Policy in Pakistan
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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This policy paper focuses on the
incentive framework for Pakistani agriculture, with emphasis
on trade and price policies. It first presents a synthesis
of major trends in the performance of the sector and
analyzes Pakistan's extraordinarily complex, opaque and
discretionary, and continually-changing trade regime. It
presents a disaggregated analysis of the border measures for
the selected products (trade and price interventions vary by
product), and estimates the joint effect of trade and
procurement policies on farm prices, captured by direct
price comparison. It concludes by providing policy
recommendations emphasizing on the revision of trade regime
to eliminate quantitative restrictions and to modify tariffs
in the direction of greater equality, a positive, moderate
and uniform tariff on imports across the board as the only
border measure for import competing products.
Palabras clave
AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES, AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS, AGRICULTURAL INPUTS, AGRICULTURAL INVESTMENT, AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT, AGRICULTURAL PRICE, AGRICULTURAL PRICES, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS, AGRICULTURE, ANIMAL PRODUCTS, ANTI-EXPORT BIAS, BARRIER, BEETS, BORDER PRICE, CANE SUGAR, CAPITAL INVESTMENT, CASH CROPS, CD, CEREAL VARIETIES, CEREALS, COFFEE, COMMERCE, COMMODITIES, COMMODITY, COMMODITY PRICES, COMPETITIVENESS, CONSUMERS, COST EFFECTIVENESS, COTTON, COTTON MARKETING, COTTON PRICE, COTTON PRICES, COTTON SECTOR, CROP, CROPLAND, CROPS, CULTIVATED LAND, DAIRY PRODUCTS, DEPOSIT, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, DIRECT PAYMENTS, DOMESTIC MARKET, DOMESTIC PRICE, DOMESTIC PRICES, DUMPING, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC HISTORY, EGGS, EXCHANGE RATE, EXPENDITURES, EXPORT MARKETING, FAO, FARM, FARM INCOME, FARMER, FARMERS, FARMS, FERTILIZER, FERTILIZER SUBSIDIES, FERTILIZER SUBSIDY, FERTILIZER USE, FERTILIZERS, FIELD CROPS, FLOOR PRICE, FLOUR, FOOD CROPS, FOOD IMPORTS, FOOD PRICE, FOOD PRICES, FOOD PRODUCTS, FOOD SECURITY, FOREIGN EXCHANGE, FOREIGN TRADE, FRAUD, FRUITS, GARLIC, GDP, GOVERNMENT BUDGET, GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES, GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION, GOVERNMENT INTERVENTIONS, GRAIN, GROWTH POTENTIAL, GROWTH RATE, GROWTH RATES, IFPRI, INCENTIVE STRUCTURE, INCOME, INCOME GENERATION, INPUT PRICES, INSURANCE, IRRI, JUTE, LABOR FORCE, LABOR PRODUCTIVITY, LDCS, LEATHER, LETTER OF CREDIT, LOW TARIFF, MAIZE, MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY, MARKET STRUCTURE, MARKETING, MEAL, MEAT, MERCHANDISE, MERCHANDISE EXPORTS, MERCHANDISE IMPORTS, MOLASSES, MONOPOLIES, MONOPOLISTIC BEHAVIOR, NATIONAL INCOME, OILSEEDS, ONIONS, OPEN MARKETS, OPPORTUNITY COSTS, OPTION CONTRACTS, OUTPUTS, PADDY, PALM OIL, POLITICAL ECONOMY, POTATOES, POULTRY, POULTRY INDUSTRY, PRICE BAND, PRICE BANDS, PRICE CEILING, PRICE CEILINGS, PRICE COMPARISON, PRICE COMPARISONS, PRICE DISTORTIONS, PRICE FLOOR, PRICE INCREASES, PRICE LEVEL, PRICE POLICIES, PRICE POLICY, PRICE RISK, PRICE STABILIZATION, PRICE VOLATILITY, PRICING MECHANISM, PRICING POLICIES, PRICING POLICY, PRODUCE, PRODUCERS PRICES, PRODUCT MARKETS, PRODUCTION ACTIVITIES, PRODUCTION COSTS, PULSES, RICE PRODUCTION, RISK MANAGEMENT, SALE, SALES, SEDIMENTATION, SEED, SEED COTTON, SEEDS, SMALL FARMER, SMALL FARMERS, SMALL PRODUCERS, SOYBEAN, SOYBEAN OIL, SPICES, SPOT PRICE, STOCKS, SUBSTITUTION, SUGAR, SUGAR CANE, SUGARCANE, TAX, TAX SYSTEM, TAXATION, TEA, TOBACCO, TRADE BARRIERS, TRADE DIVERSION, TRADE LIBERALIZATION, TRADE POLICIES, TRADE POLICY, URUGUAY ROUND, VALUE ADDED, VEGETABLE OILS, VEGETABLES, VOLATILITY, WATER STORAGE, WHEAT, WHEAT FLOUR, WHOLESALE PRICE, WHOLESALER, WHOLESALERS, WITHHOLDING TAX, WITHHOLDING TAXES, WORLD MARKETS, WORLD TRADE, WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION, WTO, YIELDS