The Regressive Demands of Demand-Driven Development
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Despite their explicit focus on reaching
the poor, many community driven development (CDD) projects
have been found to be only mildly pro-poor in their funding
allocations. This paper presents evidence of an explanation
that has been overlooked in the CDD literature to date: the
requirement that beneficiaries must apply for projects in
order to receive support. The authors first examine data on
the universe of project applications and funding under
Tanzania's flagship CDD program, Tanzania's Social
Action Fund, and then use a census of 100 program villages
to examine the determinants of both program awareness and
program participation at the household level. The data paint
a consistent picture at both levels: wealth, access to
information, and political capital are important correlates
of the ability to navigate the application process
successfully. The centrally dictated features of this
decentralized program appear to be the most effective
mechanisms in directing funds to the poor. The results
suggest that unless demand-driven projects can develop ways
of soliciting engagement from a broader cross-section of the
population, they are unlikely to achieve truly progressive targeting.
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO INFORMATION, ACCESS TO MEDIA, ANIMAL HUSBANDRY, ANTI-POVERTY, ANTIPOVERTY PROGRAM, AUDITS, BENEFICIARIES, BENEFICIARY GROUPS, CAPACITY BUILDING, CASH TRANSFERS, COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT, COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONS, CONFLICT, CONSUMPTION AGGREGATE, CONSUMPTION DATA, CORRUPTION, ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS, EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE SCHEME, EXTENDED FAMILIES, FOOD INSECURE HOUSEHOLDS, FOOD-FOR-EDUCATION, GEOGRAPHIC TARGETING, HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION, HOUSEHOLD HEAD, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, HOUSEHOLD WELFARE, HOUSING, HOUSING CENSUS, IMPACT EVALUATION, INCOME, INEQUALITY, INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS, INTERVENTION, KINSHIP NETWORKS, LACK OF INFORMATION, MEAT, MILK, PARTICIPATION RATES, PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT, PARTICIPATORY RURAL APPRAISAL, PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES, PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, POLITICAL ECONOMY, POOR, POOR AREAS, POOR COMMUNITIES, POOR DISTRICTS, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, POOR PROVINCES, POOR VILLAGES, POORER COMMUNITIES, POORER HOUSEHOLDS, POVERTY ALLEVIATION, POVERTY HEADCOUNT INDEX, POVERTY INDICATORS, POVERTY LINE, POVERTY MAP, POVERTY MAPPING, POVERTY MAPS, POVERTY RATE, POVERTY RATES, POVERTY REDUCTION, POVERTY REDUCTION PROGRAM, PRIVATE TRANSFERS, PUBLIC SPENDING, PUBLIC WORKS, PUBLIC WORKS PROGRAMS, RURAL, RURAL EMPLOYMENT, SAFETY, SAMPLE SIZE, SOCIAL ASSISTANCE, SOCIAL CAPITAL, SOCIAL FUNDS, SOCIAL PROTECTION, SOCIAL SAFETY NETS, STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT, STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMS, TARGETED TRANSFERS, TARGETING, TARGETING MECHANISMS, VILLAGE FUND, VILLAGE LEVEL, VILLAGES, VULNERABLE GROUPS, VULNERABLE HOUSEHOLDS, Microdata Set