Tanzania Public Expenditure Review : National Agricultural Input Voucher Scheme
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Washington, DC
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Tanzania is largely an agriculture-based
economy. This sector accounts for over three-quarters of
national employment, and approximately 25 percent of gross
domestic product (GDP). The national agricultural input
voucher scheme (NAIVS) is a market smart input subsidy
program designed in response to the sharp rise in global
grain and fertilizer prices in 2007 and 2008. The main aim
of the program is to raise maize and rice production, and
thus preserve Tanzania's household and national food
security. During the period from 2008 to 2013, approximately
United States (U.S.) 300 million dollars has been invested
in providing more than 2.5 million smallholder farmers with
a 50 percent subsidy on a one acre package of maize or rice
seed, and chemical fertilizer. The input subsidy program
helped Tanzanian smallholders harvest more than 2.5 million
tons of additional maize and rice grain. The NAIVS program
also faced multiple logistical challenges. These challenges
are being considered in the government's new big
results now initiative. This report summarizes the results
of an overview of the program, and the results of two major
impact surveys independently conducted in late 2010 and late
2012. Chapter one places the NAIVS in context, reviewing the
status of the agricultural economy and the importance of
grain production in the country. Chapter two provides an
overview of the NAIVS program, including budget,
expenditure, and implementation rules. Chapter three briefly
summarizes the impact survey results and highlights the
financial and economic returns of the program. Chapter four
discusses the challenges faced during implementation of the
NAIVs, and chapter five reviews the implications for further
investment in this sort of input subsidy.
Palabras clave
ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS, AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT, AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY, AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION, AGRICULTURAL HOUSEHOLDS, AGRICULTURAL INPUTS, AGRICULTURAL MARKET, AGRICULTURAL MARKETS, AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, ARABLE LAND, AVERAGE COSTS, AVERAGE YIELDS, BASIC NEEDS, BEANS, BENEFICIARY HOUSEHOLDS, BUDGET CONSTRAINTS, BUYING POWER, CASH CROPS, CASH PAYMENTS, CASSAVA, CENTRAL REGIONS, CEREALS, CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS, CLIMATIC CONDITIONS, CLIMATIC ZONES, COMMERCIAL BANK, COMMERCIAL SEED, COMMUNITY SURVEY, CONSUMPTION LEVELS, COOPERATIVES, CORRUPTION, COST ANALYSIS, COST EFFECTIVENESS, COST-EFFECTIVENESS, COTTON, COTTON PRODUCTION, CREDIT MARKETS, CREDIT PROGRAM, CROP, CROP AREA, CROP PRODUCTION, CROPPING, CULTIVATION, DEBTS, DISTRIBUTION OF BENEFITS, DRIER REGIONS, ECONOMIC COOPERATION, ECONOMIC CRISIS, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC REFORM, EMPOWERMENT, EXCLUSION, EXPENDITURE, EXPENDITURES, EXPORTS, EXTREME POVERTY, FARM, FARM HOUSEHOLDS, FARMER, FARMERS, FARMING, FARMING SYSTEMS, FEMALE-HEADED HOUSEHOLDS, FERTILIZER, FERTILIZER SUBSIDIES, FERTILIZER SUBSIDY, FERTILIZER USE, FINANCIAL SUPPORT, FISH PROCESSING, FOOD CROP, FOOD CROPS, FOOD GRAINS, FOOD POVERTY, FOOD POVERTY LINE, FOOD PRICES, FOOD SECURITY, FRESH SEED, GDP, GENDER, GOVERNMENT FUNDING, GRAIN, GRAIN PRICES, GRAIN PRODUCTION, GRAIN PRODUCTS, GRAIN YIELDS, GREEN REVOLUTION, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, GROWTH IN AGRICULTURE, GROWTH RATE, HOUSEHOLD BUDGET, HOUSEHOLD CONTROLS, HOUSEHOLD HEAD, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, HOUSEHOLDS, HOUSING, HYBRID SEED, INCOME, INCOME GAINS, INPUT PRICES, INTEREST RATE, INVESTMENT PLAN, IRRIGATION, LANDHOLDINGS, LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT, LIVESTOCK OFFICER, LIVING STANDARDS, LOAN, MAIZE, MAIZE PRODUCTION, MAIZE YIELDS, MAJORITY OF FARMERS, MARKET EFFICIENCY, MERCHANTS, MICROFINANCE, MONOPOLIES, PADDY, PADDY YIELDS, PER CAPITA INCOME, PLANTING, POORER HOUSEHOLDS, POOREST HOUSEHOLDS, POPULATION GROWTH, POVERTY LEVEL, PRICE CONTROLS, PRODUCE, PRODUCTION COSTS, PRODUCTIVITY, PROFITABILITY, RAINFALL REGIONS, RECEIPT, REDUCTION OF POVERTY, REGIONAL DROUGHT, REGIONAL GOVERNMENT, REGIONAL LEVEL, RETURN ON INVESTMENT, RICE, RICE PRODUCTION, RICE-GROWING REGIONS, RURAL CREDIT, RURAL DEVELOPMENT, RURAL POPULATION, RURAL REGION, RURAL ROADS, SEED, SEED SYSTEM, SEED VARIETIES, SEEDS, SMALLHOLDER, SMALLHOLDER FARMERS, SMALLHOLDER HOUSEHOLDS, SMALLHOLDERS, SOIL TYPES, SORGHUM, SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION, SUBSIDY COST, SUBSIDY COSTS, SUNFLOWER, SUPPLY CHAINS, TEA, VILLAGE, VILLAGE ASSEMBLY, VILLAGE LEVEL, VILLAGES, VOUCHER, VOUCHERS, WEED CONTROL, YIELD INCREMENTS, YIELDS, NAIVS