The Cost of Fire
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World Bank, Jakarta
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In a five-month period, man-made fire cost Indonesia $16.1 billion or 2 percent of GDP in 2015. An estimated 2.6 million hectares – an area four times the size of Bali – burned. While the 2015 fires were some of the worst in recent years (in part as a result of el Nino), they are by no means a singular event. Wide-scale fire crises occur annually in Indonesia. Indonesia’s fire story is not just one of loss and damage; fires contribute to significant economic upside for a diverse, if concentrated, group of actors. However, the majority of Indonesians suffer as a result of the economic and physical damage. This document provides a loss and damage analysis of the 2015 fires and explores not just economic costs, but environmental costs as well. It also looks at the important role that fire plays in commodity crops, particularly oil palm, and the actors who benefit.
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS, VISIBILITY, FAUNA, CARBON CONTENT, FIRE PREVENTION, CARBON DIOXIDE, AIR QUALITY, LAND USES, TREE, OIL CONFERENCE, CARBON, INCOME, PLANT GROWTH, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, ARCHIPELAGO, FIRE SUPPRESSION, PRODUCERS, ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS, TIMBER, HABITATS, EMISSIONS, POLITICAL ECONOMY, REVENUES, INCENTIVES, GAS, INTERNATIONAL FORESTRY RESEARCH, OIL PRODUCTION, AEROSOLS, AIR, FIRE EMISSIONS, GREENHOUSE GAS, ECONOMIC ANALYSIS, OIL PALM, PLANT, PHYSICS, BIOMASS, AIR POLLUTANTS, OIL PALM PLANTATIONS, CO2, AIR POLLUTION, OIL, INFECTIOUS DISEASES, CAPACITY, GHG, SWAMP, USE OF FIRE, EXTERNALITIES, BIODIVERSITY, SPECIES, FLORA, O3, RAINFALL, POLLUTION, FORESTRY, BURNING, CARBON SINK, NATURAL RESOURCES, CHEMISTRY, PRIMARY FOREST, EMISSIONS REDUCTION, PLANT SPECIES, RESOURCES, PARTICULATE MATTER, EMISSION, GREENHOUSE, CONSERVATION VALUE, EMISSIONS ESTIMATES, ECOSYSTEM, LEAD, FOOD SECURITY, FORESTRY RESEARCH, WAGES, CLIMATE CHANGE, DROUGHT, CARBON STORAGE, VALUES, MORATORIUM, DEFORESTATION, CLIMATE, FORESTS, CONSERVATION MEASURES, POLLUTANTS, COLORS, OIL EXPORTS, TOURISM, SINK, FOREST, OIL PRODUCERS, SWAMP FOREST, PARTICULATE, PALM, ENVIRONMENT, FOREST LANDS, SAVANNA, TAX REVENUE, POLLINATORS, EXPOSURE, TRADE, LAND, ECOSYSTEMS, ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY, CARBON STOCK, FOOD CROPS, OZONE, CONSERVATION, FUEL, FOREST FIRES, LESS, REVENUE, TRANSPORT COSTS, PROFITS, ENVIRONMENTAL, BURNING BIOMASS, BUSINESS AS USUAL SCENARIO, OIL INDUSTRY, BIODIVERSITY LOSS, GENETIC, CARBON EMISSION, OIL PALM PRODUCTION, NEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES, BENEFITS, NEGATIVE IMPACTS, ENVIRONMENTAL DISASTER