Global Value Chains, Economic Upgrading, and Gender : Case Studies of the Horticulture, Tourism, and Call Center Industries
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Washington, DC
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This document provides a gendered
analysis of the horticulture, tourism, and call center
global value chains (GVCs), based on a survey of the
literature and case studies carried out in Honduras, Kenya,
and the Arab Republic of Egypt. The studies focus on export
sectors that have had high female employment and have been
relatively underexplored from the angle of trade and gender
research. The studies show that GVCs and their upgrading
dynamics have important gender dimensions, and that
integration and upgrading are influenced by, and have an
impact on, gender relations. While the conditions and
dynamics in the sectors in concern are very different,
certain broad conclusions are drawn from the results of the
studies. The first is that patterns of job segregation are
observed in all case studies, with women being assigned to
specific jobs, though the reasons for such segregation
differ from sector to sector. The second conclusion is that
women face gender-intensified constraints, though their
extent and articulation may be quite different, depending on
the value chain. The third is that constraints related to
women's primary responsibility for reproductive work
have been identified as important in all three studies. This
social division of labor is deeply embedded in developed and
developing countries, but poor infrastructure, particularly
in rural areas, heightens this challenge for women in
developing countries. This report also suggests appropriate
interventions to improve the constraints faced by women.
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO CREDIT, ACCESS TO EDUCATION, ACCESS TO FINANCE, ACCESS TO FINANCING, ACCESS TO INFORMATION, ACCESS TO INTERNATIONAL MARKETS, ACCESS TO LAND, ACCESS TO NETWORKS, ACCESS TO RESOURCES, ACCESS TO TRAINING, AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION, BARRIERS TO ENTRY, BUSINESS NETWORKS, CAPACITY BUILDING, CAREER DEVELOPMENT, CERTIFICATION SYSTEM, CHILD PORNOGRAPHY, CHILD PROSTITUTION, COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT, COMPENSATION, CONSTRAINTS ON ACCESS, CROPS, CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP, DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION, DIVERSIFICATION, DOMINANCE, ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES, ECONOMIC COOPERATION, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES, ECONOMICS, EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS, EMPLOYERS, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN, EMPLOYMENT STATUS, ENROLLMENT, EXCLUSION, EXPORT EARNINGS, EXTENSION, EXTENSION SERVICES, FAMILY LABOR, FEMALE, FEMALE EMPLOYMENT, FEMALE ENTREPRENEUR, FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS, FEMALE FARMERS, FEMALE INTENSITY, FEMALE LABOR, FEMALE WORK, FEMALE WORKERS, FEMALES, FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, FINANCIAL LITERACY, FLEXIBLE WORK ARRANGEMENTS, FOOD PROCESSING, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT, GENDER, GENDER BIAS, GENDER COMPOSITION, GENDER DEVELOPMENT, GENDER DIFFERENCES, GENDER DIMENSION, GENDER DIMENSIONS, GENDER DISCRIMINATION, GENDER DISTRIBUTION, GENDER DIVISION OF LABOR, GENDER EQUALITY, GENDER EQUITY, GENDER IMPACT, GENDER IMPLICATIONS, GENDER INEQUALITIES, GENDER INEQUALITY, GENDER NORMS, GENDER RELATIONS, GENDER RESEARCH, GENDER ROLES, GENDER SENSITIVE, GOVERNMENT POLICY, GROUPS OF WOMEN, HOUSEHOLD WORK, HOUSEHOLDS, HOUSING, HUMAN RESOURCES, INFORMAL WORKERS, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, INNOVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS, INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS, INTEGRATION, INTEGRATION OF GENDER, INTERNATIONAL FINANCE, JOB OPPORTUNITIES, LABOR MARKETS, LABORERS, LABOUR ORGANIZATION, LACK OF ACCESS, LAWS, LIMITED ACCESS, LOCAL WOMEN, MARKET INFORMATION, MARKETING, MATERNITY LEAVE, MICROFINANCE, MULTINATIONAL, NATIONAL LAND POLICY, NEEDS OF WOMEN, NEW TECHNOLOGIES, NGOS, OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN, OPPORTUNITY FOR WOMEN, PRODUCTIVITY, PROPERTY RIGHTS, R&D, RETURN ON INVESTMENT, SEX, SEXUAL HARASSMENT, SEXUAL PURPOSES, SKILLED WOMEN, SMALLHOLDER, SMALLHOLDERS, SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY, SOCIOECONOMIC BACKGROUND, SOCIOLOGY, SUPPLY CHAINS, SUPPORT SERVICES, TRADE UNIONS, UNCTAD, UNEP, UNESCO, UNION, UNITED NATIONS, UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME, UNITED STATES AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, USAID, WAGE GAP, WILL, WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS, WOMEN WORKERS